In Spain, the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile laid the foundation for an immense empire by uniting several independent provinces. James also supported settlement in the New World. At that time he was feudal lord of a greater part of France, including Normandy, Brittany, and Anjou in the northwest and Aquitaine in the southwest. In the 1300s he had left a record of his journeys to the faraway lands of China (then called Cathay), India, and the Spice Islands. Q: Which of the following is a phase of the Mightiest Governor event? He firmly established the strength of the monarchy by enforcing his royal powers. Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. States occupied by the Holy Roman Empire also came under the rule of Spain and the Habsburgs. 6. Medina-Sidonia retreated, taking his ships north around the British Isles. Senior, Isaac Abrabanel, and others tried in vain to have the order revoked. Add Me. power of the great feudal lords. This is where the country of France is today and the name for France comes from the Franks. The queen died two years later. The Armada was doomed when a powerful storm, which the English called the "Great Protestant Wind," swept through the Channel. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. A second statute, passed in 1540, legalized these closures and mandated the seizing of all remaining property. The Dutch troubles worsened in 1578 when Philip approved the assassination of Juan de Escobedo (died 1578), John of Austria's dangerous and ambitious secretary. Nevertheless, she followed the religious policies of her father and brother. Shortly after the death of Henry V, Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261), who was Charles VI's son, slowly began to regain French territories from the English. Although the secretary had seen slaughter and bloodshed during Irish wars with the English, he reported that he had seen nothing like the carnage that awaited him that autumn day. Philip the Fair quarreled with the popes (heads of the Roman Catholic Church) over control of the French clergy and other aspects of the monarch's sovereignty (independent rule). Saint Paul's School was founded early in Henry's reign by John Colet, the learned dean (head) of St. Paul's Cathedral. In 1580 and 1581, Philip II of Spain claimed the throne of Portugal, conquered the country, and acquired its empire. The revolt was distracting Charles's attention, so the French were able to move into Navarre and wage war with Spain. But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. They had a daughter, Mary, but the king wanted a son because he did not believe Mary would be accepted as his allowed Napoleon Bonaparte to establish a totalitarian dictatorship in France. Thus the two largest Christian kingdoms in Spain were united. Some Jews, called Marranos, pretended to convert while secretly practicing Judaism (the Jewish religion). Infuriated that the pope had sided with France, Charles sent his Spanish and German troops into Rome in 1527. The following year, after extensive manipulation by his Habsburg advisers, Charles was elected as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (he was not officially crowned until 1530). Francia. Earlier they had been great centers of learning and the arts, but now the great monastic libraries were divided and sent to other Specifically, the issue was whether the king had the right to appoint bishops (heads of church districts) without the pope's approval. Philip immediately began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England. In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. In the early 1500s they continued the crusade against the Moors into North Africa with a series of military expeditions. In 1553 she restored the Latin Mass and the following year she recognized the jurisdiction of the pope in England. Under terms of the peace agreement, the Treaty of Brtigny (1360), the kingdom of France was divided and the southwest region was formally given to the king of England. "Converted" Muslims who still practiced Islam were called Moriscos. At the town of Tilbury, Elizabeth reviewed her small land army, which was clearly inadequate to take on the Spanish forces. For a time Jews' property was seized, but they did not receive any further punishment. Nearly three months after the battle, Geoffrey Felton, secretary for Ireland, went walking on the coast of Sligo Bay. Paris remained a stronghold of Catholicism, and on August 23 and 24, 1572, thousands of Protestants were slaughtered in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day. Adrian sent a royal army to put down the revolt. Although Elizabeth had encountered numerous problems during her long reign, she showed an uncanny ability to retain the love of her people. Below the lords were vassals (knights), who held smaller amounts of land awarded to them by lords. into numerous small regions, each controlled by a feudal lord. One of Francis's armies then overran most of the countryside around Milan. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. Royal Family of Liechtenstein. The ruling dynasty of France during much of the Renaissance, the Valois gained the throne in 1328 when the last king of the Capetian dynasty died wit, War of the Spanish Succession, 170114, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. Charles's enemies, German Protestant princes who were seeking independence from the Holy Roman Empire, banded together in an elaborate alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League (see "Schmalkaldic League" in Chapter 5). Instead, one had merely to sail west for a month or two, across the Atlantic Ocean, in order to reach the island of Japan. Here, you can find the complete list of all questions used for the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. Egypt, one of the most powerful and stylish civilizations in the world's history joins the fray in Rise of Kingdoms: THE EGYPTIANSPowerful, intelligent, strategic, and undoubtedly sophisticated, well known for their amazing craftsmanship ranging from the great pyramids and statues to innovative weapons and . A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. The siege has often been called the "German Fury" because the majority of the marauding soldiers were German Lutherans. the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country Germany. In late 1520, Francis secretly backed an assault on Luxembourg continent, scores of European traders managed to return from Cathay and the islands with valuable goods. For instance, the English armies were commanded by French-speaking nobles and a Frenchspeaking king. The French and Spanish monarchs The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. She was an accomplished performer on the virginal, the keyboard instrument named in honor of her status as the Virgin QueenElizabeth refused to get married because she had devoted her life to her country. At the top were kings, who owned the land. The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. Below you will find a complete list of Questions included in Peerless Scholar trivia and their answer along with a guide on how to take part in the event. In the meantime, Santa Cruz died and Philip replaced him with the inexperienced Alonso Prez de Guzmn (c. 15501619), duke of Medina-Sidonia. Joanna retired to a castle in Tordesillas, where she mourned her deceased husband until her own death in 1555. democratic rule. The Comuneros had formed the "Holy League of Cities" and were protesting the policies of Charles's government (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). The problem with being a latecomer to world exploration and conquest was that most of the good lands were already occupied and defended by superior Spanish and Portuguese navies. When Louis died in 1515, Francis became king. Q. They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. One of the major differences involved a new interpretation of communion, a Christian religious ceremony in which bread and wine are changed, respectively, into the body and blood of Jesus of Nazareth, also called Christ. Henry was having a secret affair with Boleyn, and he hoped she might bear him a son. Meanwhile, Charles V had formed an alliance with Pope Clement VII (14781534; reigned 152334). The plot failed, however, and Essex was arrested. In 1577 Requesens was replaced by John of Austria. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. Henry is now considered the true English Renaissance prince. The ships did not set sail again until July. He set up a line of fortified outposts from the Persian Gulf all the way to the Malaccan Strait, the most The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). William responded with a document that accused Philip of incest (having sexual relations with family members), adultery (having sexual relations outside marriage), and the murders of both Carlos and Elizabeth of Valois. Previously, Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the pope with the title "Defender of the Faith." He explored the St. Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesbut his voyages never took him farther west than the site of modernday Montreal, Canada. National sovereignty was restored by the revolution of 1640. Land occupied by churches, monasteries (houses for men called monks, who dedicated themselves to the religious life), and The situation changed after 1474, however, when Pope Sixtus IV (14141484; reigned 147184) gave. Charles's victory started a rivalry among the three young kings that was to last for the rest of their lives. Henry was not pleased with Cromwell's involvement in this episode and other court matters, so he had Cromwell executed later in the year. ceremony. Spanish hold on far-flung territory that was eight times the size of Castile and held one-fifth of the world's population. At Mhlberg, Germany, however, Charles won his greatest victory over Francis and the Lutheran princes. At the time, there were several factors which prevented the restoration of the empire as it had been in the 18th century, notably the rise of larger, more consolidated kingdoms in Germany, such as Bavaria, Saxony and Wrttemberg, as well as Prussia's interest in becoming a great power in Europe (rather than continue being a vassal to the . Francis had grown up in the court of King Louis XII and was called the dauphin. In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). Rise of Germany . The Renaissance palace at Hampton Court was the scene of many splendid entertainments. During his reign classical learning continued to dominate education and literature. Her According to the terms of the agreement, the Catholic Church in France came under direct control of the French crown. A: Enemy Elim . Cartier's voyages never took him farther west than the site of modern-day Montreal, Canada, but his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). Reigns were either dated from the day a ruler was elected king ( Philip of Swabia, Rudolf of Habsburg) or crowned king ( Otto IV, Henry VII, Louis IV, Charles IV). (See "Feudalism" in Chapter 1.) In 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the . Other native tribes were quickly brought under control by the conquistadors, and for the next three centuries Spain built up an empire in the New World. Game Info. Storming of the Bastille: From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country? from Flanders. Henry declined to join the French effort. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. Egypt awakens, chaos awaits. When King Philip III died in 1621, the decline of Spain was becoming more evident. After the Portuguese defeated the Spanish in a war over the throne in 1385, John established a political alliance with England under the Treaty of Windsor (1386) that has endured to the present day. Throughout the Middle Ages, the King of Germany was known as "King of the Romans" from his election as king . Jane died of complications following childbirth, but Henry waited until 1540 to marry again. Purchasing the works of Italian painters Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, Francis also invited some of the finest Italian artists of the day to come to France. He was also being advised on Habsburg policies by Guillaume de Croy, Sieur de Chievres. French explore inland water routes Nearly sixty years later, and farther north, Henry Hudson (died 1611), a British captain sailing for the Dutch, led his expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. Francis corresponded with the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus and sponsored a royal lecture series that supported promising scholars. In August 1520 he met with Henry VIII in Calais, France, at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, hoping to win Henry's support in the war against Spain. While Spanish forces were defeating the Ottomans, Philip was contending with the Revolt of the Netherlands, which broke out in 1566 (see "Netherlands" in Chapter 4). Religious fanaticism soon intensified. She was sold to the English, who then turned her over to the Inquisition, an official church court appointed to punish heretics (those who violate church laws), at the French city of Rouen. Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? It helped shape world history as a whole, by giving rise to early forms of representative government. Alba's repression continued unchecked, but by 1573 Philip had seen enough. execution of Louis XVI. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. Much like moder. In fact, in 1614 he dissolved Parliament, then ruled for seven years without one. The troubled young man was finally locked away in a tower, where he went on a series of hunger strikes and died later in the year. In a papal bull, or decree, Alexander drew a line from north to south one hundred leagues (approximately 240 miles, or 386 kilometers) west of the Azores Islands. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain These estates had been given or bequeathed (granted in wills) to monks by religiously devout men and women in exchange for prayers for their souls after they died. Charles had firmly consolidated Germany, Italy land Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). The English Protestant queen, Elizabeth I, was worried about the Catholic advance in the Low Countries. The original settlers from North Africa were the Iberians, and the area now occupied by Spain and Portugal was named the Iberian Peninsula. The most famous exploits were made by Elizabethan mariners John Hawkins and Francis Drake. During the next two hundred years, nearly every remaining land mass in the world, with the exception of Antarctica, was explored and mapped by explorers from these countries. When Richard of York was killed in 1460, his son, Edward (14421483), continued the campaign against the Lancasters. When William Cecil died in 1598, Elizabeth snubbed Essex and awarded her highest council post to Robert Cecil. Q: What color gemstones are engraved upon Crown El CId? Iron. Yet Africa and the eastern route to the Indies were off limits because Pope Alexander VI had granted total control of these areas to Portugal (see "Spain" section previously in this chapter). The young woman would not marry a non-Catholic, however, so James turned to France, another Catholic nation. They spent vast amounts of money on fortifications and on renewed wars against France and Scotland (a traditional ally of the French). The Netherlands had always been the Spanish territory closest to Charles's heart, and many noblemen wept during his speech. In France, the Capetians (pronounced cuh-PEE-shuns) gained control of nearly all duchies (fiefs) by staging internal wars Although Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score a victory. During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. The king personally commanded English This move shocked and offended most Christians in Europe, even many of Francis's longtime supporters. Soon Catherine, like Anne Boleyn, was found guilty of adultery; she was beheaded in 1542. It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. Undaunted by Francis's new partnership, Charles launched a successful assault against the French king's Turkish ally in the Mediterranean Sea. Francis also received a proper noble education in the art of war. Spain had often attracted the attention of people from North Africa as a promising new land. So, the whole connections between the world monetary systems were basically private sector finance. 30 seconds. 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