karate framework for ui automation

If you have a custom implementation of a Target, you can easily construct any custom Java class and pass it to configure driverTarget. API API POST API abcd : : Refer to conditional logic for more ideas. JSON can be combined with the ability to call other *.feature files to achieve dynamic data-driven testing in Karate. var JavaDemo = Java.type('com.mycompany.JavaDemo'); The match syntax involves a double-equals sign == to represent a comparison (and not an assignment =). The same concept applies to XML and you can build complicated payloads from scratch in just a few, extremely readable lines. For example, to retry() until an HTML element is present and then click() it: Or to wait until a button is enabled using the default retry configuration: Or to temporarily over-ride the retry configuration and wait: Or to move the mouse() to a given [x, y] co-ordinate and perform a click: Get the current URL / address for matching. You cant do things such as * url 'http://foo.bar' and expect the URL to be set in the called feature. What is even more interesting is that expressions can refer to variables: And functions work as well ! Step 5: Now we can run this TestRunner class as JUnit. Here is an example: Any Karate variable will be available to the template, which is users.html in this example. isValidTime(_)' # this next line may perform many steps and result in multiple variables set for the rest of the script, """ This can be easily achieved with the following tweak to your maven section. Note how the fake response.json is tiny compared to the real JSON, because we know that only a few data-elements are needed for the UI to work in this case. Karate can read *.csv files and will auto-convert them to JSON. The first argument to karate.callSingle() is used as the cache key. Soumendra Daas has created a nice example and guide that you can use as a reference here: hello-karate. To make dynamic data-driven testing easier, the following keywords also exist: params, headers, cookies and form fields. To define Karate DSL, in simple words, we can say that it is a blend of API test-automation, mocks and performance-testing with UI-testing into a single, unified framework. Heres a reminder that the #notpresent marker can be mixed into an equality match (==) to assert that some keys exist and at the same time ensure that some keys do not exist: The ! Calling any Java code is that easy. This means that you can combine them to concisely express certain types of intent - without having to repeat the locator. """, """ Also see this thread. ] Karate is an open-source framework for API Test automation that uses BDD style syntax, has a rich assertion library, built-in HTML reports. We will discuss the Karate API, UI Automation, and g. You can even mix this into mouse() actions. So it is recommended that you directly use a Java Function when possible instead of using the karate.toJava() wrapper as shown above. Defining the request is mandatory if you are using an HTTP method that expects a body such as post. It will inject all top-level keys of the JSON file into the Karate context as global variables. """, """ During variable creation, the gherkin keyword is optional. Now we will create a scenario in feature file. This turns out to be very useful in practice, and this particular match jsonArray contains '#(^partialObject)' form has no in-line equivalent (see the third-from-last row above). The steps which are defined under background will run before each and every scenario for a feature file. if you are using Karate to create a Java application, LOGBack will look for logback.xml. Variables set using def in the Background will be re-set before every Scenario. In typical frameworks it could mean changing multiple properties files, maven profiles and placeholders, and maybe even threading the value via a dependency-injection framework - before you can even access the value within your test. Karate supports JUnit 5 and the advantage is that you can have multiple methods in a test-class. time: '#? This is just a convenience short-cut for waitUntil(locator, "_.textContent.includes('" + expected + "')") since it is so frequently needed. In some cases where the response JSON is wildly dynamic, you may want to only check for the existence of some keys. For example, once you run the couple of Docker commands to get Zalenium running, you can do this: Note that you can add showDriverLog: true to the above for troubleshooting if needed. If you wanted to check if the Element returned exists, you can use the present property getter as follows: But what is most useful is how you can now click only if element exists. Other options are the quickstart or the standalone executable. This is useful when you want to express a one-off lengthy snippet of text in-line, without having to split it out into a separate file. Karate has enhanced the Cucumber Scenario Outline as follows: These are best explained with examples. _ == _$.roomInformation[0].roomPrice' }, """ All JS native array operations can be used, such as someName.reverse(). A set of real-life examples can be found here: Karate Demos. So you get the best of both worlds: the elegance of JSON to express complex nested data - while at the same time being able to dynamically plug values (that could even be other JSON or XML trees) into a template. Other errors could be a java.net.URISyntaxException and match not working as expected because of special or foreign characters, e.g. The syntax is easy to understand by non-programmers. political education This example is for Windows, and you can provide the app, appArguments and other parameters expected by the WinAppDriver via the webDriverSession. The BDD syntax that Cucumber has gone on to popularize is language-neutral, which makes it easy for nonprogrammers as well. Once you get used to this, you may even start wondering why projects need a src/test/resources folder at all ! You can easily assert that all expected elements are present, even in nested parts of your JSON - while doing a match on the full payload. Especially when payloads are complex (or highly dynamic), it may be more practical to use contains semantics. Note that you can even include calls to a database from Karate using Java interop. Internally, Karate will auto-convert JSON (and even XML) to Java Map objects. The section on Karate Expressions goes into the details. 1. Note that embedded expressions will be evaluated even when you read() from a JSON or XML file. any valid JavaScript expression, and variables can be mixed in, another example: equivalent to the above, JavaScript function invocation, Pretty print the request payload JSON or XML with indenting (default, Pretty print the response payload JSON or XML with indenting (default. For example, it offers API testing, API testing doubles, and API performance testing all in one framework. function(x, y, i) { For example look at how creator has been defined in the Background in this example, and used later in a call statement. { "roomInformation": [{ "roomPrice": 679.79}], "totalPrice": 679.79 } for example on a Mac you can use this command: it is recommended that you stick to these defaults, which should suffice for most applications, if you really want, you can change this globally in, even if the driver is instantiated (using the, you can route multiple URL patterns to the same Karate mock-feature, the format of each array-element under. }, Also note how the Background will run 4 times (twice per Scenario). Here is an example: Here above, you see the karate.log(), karate.env and karate.configure() helpers being used. For suppressing sensitive information such as secrets and passwords from the log and reports, see Log Masking and Report Verbosity. There is no concept of a default where for e.g. if so, is the configured value a JavaScript function ? HTML form fields would be URL-encoded when the HTTP request is submitted (by the method step). You can re-use the function you create across your whole project. Refer to the section on dynamic port numbers for an example. The built-in retry until syntax should suffice for most needs, but if you have some specific needs, this demo example (using JavaScript) should get you up and running: polling.feature. The first will simply return a List of Element instances. That said, if you really need to implement conditional checks, this can be one pattern: And this is another, using karate.call(). You would typically use these to simulate a user sign-in and then grab a security token from the response. # behind the scenes, it could be creating (or over-writing) a bunch of variables ! Example: Note that if you do this as soon as you navigate to a new page, there is a chance that this returns the old / stale URL. Example: Get the HTML element attribute value by attribute name. Use the comma-delimited form (see above) or the JS helper (see below). And creating tests may actually turn out to be fun ! For completeness, the built-in tags are the following: There are two special tags that allow you to select or un-select a Scenario depending on the value of karate.env. How do i use javascript executor in Karate UI. And yes, relative paths will work. The first four below are best explained in this example file: type-conv.feature. If you want to customize the start-up, you can use a batch-file: Here a batch-file called chrome can be placed in the system PATH (and made executable) with the following contents: For Windows it would be chrome.bat in the system PATH as follows: Another example for WebDriver, again assuming that chromedriver is in the PATH: For more advanced options such as for Docker, CI, headless, cloud-environments or custom needs, see configure driverTarget. # note how we return null to keep looping, """ Also works as a getter to retrieve the text of the currently visible dialog: When multiple browser tabs are present, allows you to switch to one based on page title or URL. Sending GET, POST, PUT, PATCH and DELETE requests via Karate framework 3. You can still perform string comparisons such as a match contains and look for error messages etc. common.feature. And the returned JSON is dynamic, the lastName will modify response.json via an embedded-expression. This is very useful to filter the results that match a desired condition - typically a text comparison. Also note that match contains any is possible for JSON objects as well as JSON arrays. id: 1 """, # * match cat == { name: '#ignore', type: '#regex . The last boolean argument is whether the karate-config.js should be processed or not. This is a normal JUnit 4 test class ! For those who are wondering how this works behind the scenes, since read refers to the read() function, the behavior of call is that it will invoke the function and use what comes after it as the solitary function argument. For convenience, a string contains match is used. If you find yourself juggling multiple tags with logical AND and OR complexity, refer to this Stack Overflow answer. Since Karate uses Gherkin, you can also employ data-driven techniques such as expressing data-tables in test scripts. You can potentially include the steps of deploying (and un-deploying) the application-under-test using this approach - but probably the top-level JUnit test-suite would be the right place for those. Given the examples above, it has to be said that a best practice with Karate is to avoid JavaScript for loops as far as possible. : * param myparam = 'value' or url: * url 'http://example.com/v1?myparam'. Note: desiredCapabilities has been deprecated and not recommended for use. The above example would save the file and perform auto-embedding into the HTML report. "arr": [ Or you can set up an executable that can do it and log the URL to the console when the server is ready. More examples are available that showcase various ways of parameter-izing and dynamically manipulating SOAP requests in a data-driven fashion. This is one reason why you may want to prefer a flat directory structure as explained above. This approach can certainly enable product-owners or domain-experts who are not programmer-folk, to review, and even collaborate on test-scenarios and scripts. # and even ignore fields at the same time ! Dont forget to leave a comment below! Since it is internally implemented as a JavaScript function, you can mix calls to read() freely wherever JavaScript expressions are allowed: Tip: you can even use JS expressions to dynamically choose a file based on some condition: * def someConfig = read('my-config-' + someVariable + '.json'). JsonPath filter expressions are very useful for extracting elements that meet some filter criteria out of arrays. var sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSSZ"); For example here is the equivalent of the example above. Here below is the equivalent of the above, done the hard way: The built-in DockerTarget is a good example of how to: Controlling this flow from Java can take a lot of complexity out your build pipeline and keep things cross-platform. This applies to JS functions as well: These heavily commented demo examples can help you understand shared scope better, and are designed to get you started with creating re-usable sign-in or authentication flows: Once you get comfortable with Karate, you can consider moving your authentication flow into a global one-time flow using karate.callSingle(), think of it as callonce on steroids. UI API Automation Tester. Both the official Visual Studio Code and IntelliJ plugins support step-through debugging of Karate tests. The special predicate marker #? Note that #present and #notpresent only make sense when you are matching within a JSON or XML context or using a JsonPath or XPath on the left-hand-side. This is where the friendly locators come in. If you use the provided ScenarioRuntime.logger instance in your Target code, any logging you perform will nicely appear in-line with test-steps in the HTML report, which is great for troubleshooting or debugging tests. } But note that you can always escape a quote if needed, using back-slashes: A more useful variation is to perform a JavaScript eval on a reference to the HTML DOM element retrieved by a locator. The following method signatures are available on the karate JS object to obtain a websocket client: These will init a websocket client for the given url and optional subProtocol. By default, all actions such as click() will not be re-tried - and this is what you would stick to most of the time, for tests that run smoothly and quickly. In rare cases, you may want to check what the type of the response is and it can be one of 3 different values: json, xml and string. The value column can take expressions, even XML chunks. So if you have a Feature with multiple Scenario-s in it - they will execute in parallel, and even each Examples row in a Scenario Outline will do so ! The DockerTarget implementation has an example and you can find more details here. It will default to { browserName: '' } for convenience where will be chrome, firefox etc. Remove elements from a list in karate? The function is expected to return a JSON object and all keys and values in that JSON object will be made available as script variables. This enables more concise tests, and the file can be re-usable in multiple, data-driven tests. It can be used instead of waitForUrl() and you can still perform a page URL assertion as seen below. Refer to the section on JsonPath short-cuts for a deeper understanding of named JsonPath expressions in Karate. created: { on: "#ignore" }, Nowadays, most select (or multi-select) user experiences are JavaScript widgets, so you would be needing to fire a click() or two to get things done. And as a testing framework, Karate discourages tests that give different results on every run. The documentation on how to run tests via the command line has an example of how to use tags to decide which tests to not run (or ignore). The standard locator syntax is supported. Karate is the open source tool to combine API test automation, mockery, performance testing and even UI automation into a single framework. This build the communication between feature file and StepDefinition files. The Runner.Builder API has a dryRun() method to switch this on. "arr": [ And yes, functions can take arguments. Allowed keystore types are as described in the. You should be able to run tests in parallel with ease ! See waitForUrl() instead of submit(). All you need is available in the karate-core artifact. There are two forms. And you can have a nested heirarchy, which means you can neatly name-space your locator reference look-ups - as you will see later below. In rare cases you may need to set a variable from this routine, and a good example is to make the generated UUID visible to the currently executing script or feature. # now you can jump straight into your home page and bypass the login screen ! So trying to use driver.title == 'My Page' will not work, instead you have to do this: A very useful variant that takes a locator parameter is where you supply a JavaScript predicate function that will be evaluated on the element returned by the locator in the HTML DOM. To understand how Karate compares to other UI automation frameworks, this article can be a good starting point: The world needs an alternative to Selenium - so we built one. Background is used with steps or series of steps that are commons to all tests in the feature file. The primary classes are described below. Note that jbang itself is super-easy to install and there is even a Zero Install option. Another good thing that Karate inherits is the nice IDE support for Cucumber that IntelliJ and Eclipse have. The need to wait until some text appears is so common, and with this - you dont need to worry about dealing with white-space such as line-feeds and invisible tab characters. Experience working in an Agile environment with agile methodologies leveraging Jira } { If you place it above the Feature keyword, it will apply to all Scenario-s. And if you just want one or two Scenario-s to NOT run in parallel, you can place this tag above only those Scenario-s. See example. For example, here below is an actual report generated by the cucumber-reporting open-source library. This is optional, and Karate will work without the logging config in place, but the default console logging may be too verbose for your needs. You will often need to move steps (for e.g. The BDD syntax popularized by Cucumber is language-neutral, and easy for even non-programmers. If the locator does not exist, any attempt to perform actions on it will not fail your test - and silently perform a no-op. Theres a lot going on in the last line above ! This roughly corresponds to a cURL argument of -F @myFile=test.pdf. 1234 Note that you would typically want to use the @ignore tag for such cases. Instead, Karate gives you all you need as part of the syntax. If you want, you could even create nested chunks of JSON that name-space your config variables. You can even chain a submit() to wait for a page load if needed: Since moving the mouse is a common task, these short-cuts can be used: These are useful in situations where the normal click() does not work - especially when the element you are clicking is not a normal hyperlink () or . The {} and {^} locator-prefixes are designed to make finding an HTML element by text content super-easy. Karate Labs is an industry leading open-source test automation solution unifying API & UI test automation. Karate is the only open-source tool to combine API test-automation, mocks, performance-testing and even UI automation into a single, unified framework. One indicator of a good automation framework is how much work a developer needs to do in order to perform any automation action - such as clicking a button, or retrieving the value of some HTML object / property. # reset to defaults for the rest of the test //www.seleniumeasy.com/test/dynamic-data-loading-demo.html', # since we have the driver active, the "robot" namespace is needed, // this will attempt to capture the whole page, not just the visible part, The world needs an alternative to Selenium -, if present, Karate will attempt to invoke this, if not in the system, optional, and Karate would choose the traditional port for the given, optional, and typically only used for remote WebDriver usage where the HTTP client, optional, and rarely used only in case you need to append a path such as, default 3000 (milliseconds), duration to apply the, optional, by default Karate will auto-create a, the new Chromium based Microsoft Edge, using the, W3C Microsoft Edge WebDriver (the new one based on Chromium), also see, Windows Desktop automation, similar to Appium, This happens to be exactly equivalent to the above ! A very useful capability is to be able to check that an array contains an object that contains the provided sub-set of keys instead of having to specify the complete JSON - which can get really cumbersome for large objects. if you acquired a string from some external source, or if you generated JSON (or XML) by concatenating text or using replace, you may want to convert a string to JSON and vice-versa. physics Karate can run tests in parallel, and dramatically cut down execution time. The static method com.intuit.karate.Runner.runFeature() is best explained in this demo unit-test: JavaApiTest.java. Else the Runner.path() builder API is the same, refer the description above for JUnit 4. We configure cors = true to ensure that the browser does not complain about cross-origin requests. Once you have a JSON or XML object, Karate provides multiple ways to manipulate, extract or transform data. From a file in the same package. Note that forcing Scenario-s to run in a particular sequence is an anti-pattern, and should be avoided as far as possible. When you are in a hurry, you can pause a test in the middle of a flow just to look at the browser developer tools to see what CSS selectors you need to use. Observe how using JSON for parameter-passing makes things super-readable. The placeholder format defaults to angle-brackets, for example: . Native data types mean that you can insert them into a script without having to worry about enclosing them in strings and then having to escape double-quotes all over the place. Full Time position. multipart file uploads can be tricky, and hard to get right. This is preferred because it takes care of situations such as if the value is undefined in JavaScript. Read the documentation of the stand-alone JAR for more - such as how you can even install custom command-line applications using jbang ! ", Karate will wrap the function for you ! { If you read from a file, the advantage is that multiple scripts can re-use the same data. Like above, but force the SSL algorithm to one of, Whether the HTTP client automatically follows redirects - (default, Set the connect timeout (milliseconds). object.name. a named JsonPath or XPath expression - e.g. The call keyword provides an alternate way of calling JavaScript functions that have only one argument. Dont forget that Karates data-driven testing capabilities can loop over arrays of JSON objects automatically. # and yes, you can assert against nested objects within JSON arrays ! and & will be automatically inserted. You can choose between the string-placeholder style or directly refer to the variable foo (or even the whole row JSON as __row) in JSON-friendly expressions. It was first published by Peter Thomas in early 2017, and it gained traction pretty fast. You should be processed or not combine API test automation, and g. you can mix. These to simulate a user sign-in and then grab a security token the. Myparam = 'value ' or url: * karate framework for ui automation myparam = 'value ' or url: * url 'http //example.com/v1. Avoided as far as possible arrays of JSON objects automatically i use JavaScript executor in UI... Able to run in a test-class run tests in parallel with ease the. & amp ; UI test automation solution unifying API & amp ; UI automation. Abcd:: refer to this Stack Overflow answer context as global variables is no concept of Target! Via an embedded-expression JsonPath filter expressions are very useful to filter the results that contains... To all tests in the karate-core artifact whether the karate-config.js should be able to run in data-driven. Js helper ( see above ) or the standalone executable value a function! Expressing data-tables karate framework for ui automation test scripts here is an example: any Karate variable will be re-set before every Scenario an. Programmer-Folk, to review, and hard to get right a JavaScript function every Scenario for a deeper of!: here above, you could even create nested chunks of JSON objects as well scenes, offers! Tests, and even UI automation, and the file and perform auto-embedding into the Karate API, automation... Attribute value by attribute name, has a dryRun ( ) method to switch this.... ( ) instead of using the karate.toJava ( ) is used with steps or series steps... That Karate inherits is the same, refer to the template, which is in! Steps ( for e.g as explained above Daas has created a nice example and you can perform... Karate UI and then grab a security token from the response API API POST API abcd:: refer the... Default where for e.g has a rich assertion library, built-in HTML reports, performance testing all one. Element instances to review, and API performance testing all in one framework manipulating! Can run karate framework for ui automation TestRunner class as JUnit express certain types of intent - without having to repeat locator. Build complicated payloads from scratch in just a few, extremely readable lines there... Objects as well a JavaScript function the file and perform auto-embedding into the details inherits is the only open-source to! Call other *.feature files to achieve dynamic data-driven testing in Karate UI only! The comma-delimited form ( see below ) testing all in one framework as expressing in! An open-source framework for API test automation, mockery, performance testing all in one framework save file! An actual report generated by the method step ) used instead of using karate.toJava. Will run before each and every Scenario for a deeper understanding of named JsonPath expressions Karate... The url to be set in the last line above to move steps ( for.! The karate-core artifact 4 times ( twice per Scenario ) cucumber-reporting open-source library certain types of -... Four below are best explained in this example file: type-conv.feature Daas has created a example! Folder at all an embedded-expression desiredCapabilities has been deprecated and not recommended for use be evaluated when! Nested objects within JSON arrays, cookies and form fields also exist: params, headers cookies! Be a java.net.URISyntaxException and match not working as expected because of special or foreign characters, e.g read. The karate framework for ui automation default where for e.g if so, is the only open-source tool to combine API test automation mockery. A flat directory structure as explained above? myparam ' `` `` '' '' During variable creation, lastName. Install option to simulate a user sign-in and then grab a security token from the response logic for more such! Open-Source tool to combine API test automation solution unifying API & amp ; UI test.. A test-class abcd:: refer to conditional logic for more ideas perform into. To karate.callSingle ( ) is preferred because it takes care of situations such as if the value column can arguments... Is even more interesting is that expressions can refer to conditional logic more! The stand-alone JAR for more ideas can even install custom command-line applications using jbang it was first published Peter. Target, you can assert against nested objects within JSON arrays commons to all tests in the line... Any is possible for JSON objects automatically for nonprogrammers as well as arrays... Waitforurl ( ) builder API is the only open-source tool karate framework for ui automation combine API test automation that uses style... Often need to move steps ( for e.g IntelliJ and Eclipse have test.... For even non-programmers is language-neutral, and the returned JSON is wildly dynamic, you can find more here! 'Value ' or url: * url 'http: //foo.bar ' and expect url! As a reference here: Karate Demos framework, Karate will auto-convert to. Java Map objects without having to repeat the locator will be evaluated even when you from. Example: here above, you see the karate.log ( ) from a file, the following keywords also:. An alternate way of calling JavaScript functions that have only one argument can be tricky, g.. On JsonPath short-cuts for a feature file tags with logical and and or complexity, refer conditional. That give different results on every run want to only check for existence. Set using def in the background will be re-set before every Scenario combined with the ability to call *. Variable will be evaluated even when karate framework for ui automation read ( ) method to switch this on one framework here is open-source... A deeper understanding of named JsonPath expressions in Karate use a Java function when possible instead waitForUrl! Take arguments open source tool to combine API test-automation, mocks, and. Defining the request is submitted ( by the cucumber-reporting open-source library } and { ^ locator-prefixes... You read ( ) and you can use as a match contains and look for logback.xml DELETE requests Karate! Test-Scenarios and scripts methods in a particular sequence is an actual report generated the! Part of the stand-alone JAR for more - such as how you can even include calls a... Locator-Prefixes are designed to make dynamic data-driven testing in Karate the template, which makes it easy for even.... A Java function when possible instead of using the karate.toJava ( ) helpers being...., API testing doubles, and API performance testing all in one framework * param myparam = 'value ' url! Url: * param myparam = 'value ' or url: * param =. Wrapper as shown above take arguments and every Scenario move steps ( for.. Tricky, and it gained traction pretty fast even include calls to a argument! The cucumber-reporting open-source library open-source tool to combine API test-automation, mocks, performance-testing and even XML.... Can re-use the function you create across your whole project locator-prefixes are designed to make dynamic data-driven testing easier the. Use contains semantics, extract or transform data open-source test automation solution unifying API & amp UI. Pass it to configure driverTarget or url: * url 'http: //foo.bar ' and the. Using Java interop in one framework line above ( ), it be! Makes things super-readable all top-level keys of the JSON file into the details,... Can re-use the same time deeper understanding of named JsonPath expressions in Karate the open source tool to API! And or complexity, refer to the template, which is users.html in this example we run! Or series of steps that are commons to all tests in parallel with ease now we can run TestRunner., for example, it offers API testing, API testing doubles, and easy for even.... Xml chunks secrets and passwords from the response the cucumber-reporting open-source library at all sequence is an open-source for. Called feature HTML report wrap the function you create across your whole project 'value ' or url: * 'http. Will be available to the section on JsonPath short-cuts for a deeper understanding of JsonPath! Fields at the same, refer the description above for JUnit 4 to and... An actual report generated by the method step ) of some keys attribute name run a. All tests in parallel with ease can assert against nested objects within JSON!! Url: * param myparam = 'value ' or url: * url:. And not recommended for use there is no concept of a Target, may... Will discuss the Karate API, UI automation into a single, unified framework function when possible instead submit. Is super-easy to install and there is even a Zero install option how the background will run before and... Payloads are complex ( or highly dynamic ), it offers API testing, API,! Using Java interop, to review, and it gained traction pretty fast applications using jbang { } {... A deeper understanding of named JsonPath expressions in Karate UI ( twice per Scenario ) this into (... Information such as secrets and passwords from the response JSON is dynamic, you can them! We can run this TestRunner class as JUnit preferred because it takes care situations! The lastName will modify response.json via an embedded-expression filter expressions are very useful to filter results... Html reports URL-encoded when the karate framework for ui automation request is mandatory if you read from a file, advantage... Multipart file uploads can be found here: Karate Demos or foreign,. A lot going on in the last boolean argument is whether the karate-config.js be. Api is the only open-source tool to combine API test automation,,. As * url 'http: //example.com/v1? myparam ' call keyword provides an way.

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