Rather, she had it shown for the purpose of keeping her students occupied during a noninstructional day while she was involved in posting grades on report cards. at 1678. Plaintiff cross-appeals from the holding that K.R.S. Because the intent to express was coupled with a great likelihood that the message would be understood, the Court concluded that the conduct was entitled to protection under the First Amendment. ." The students in Fowler's classes were in grades nine through eleven and were of the ages fourteen through seventeen. I would suggest that the rationale underlying Spence v. Washington (display of flag with peace symbol attached) and other cases cited by Judge Milburn, e.g., Brown v. Louisiana, 383 U.S. 131, 86 S.Ct. Boring v. Buncombe County Board of Education (136 E 3 d 364 [1998]), the Fourth Circuit Court, citing the 1988 decision Hazelwood v. Kulhmeir (484 U.S. 260), found at 3166 (recognizing need for flexibility in formulating school disciplinary rules). v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 285-87, 97 S.Ct. School officials testified that they objected to the movie because it promoted values which were described as immoral, antieducation, antifamily, antijudiciary, and antipolice. at 737). 1976), for the proposition that students in a public school have a constitutionally protected right "to receive information which they and their teachers desire them to have." I agree with Judge Milburn's decision that the school board's termination of Ms. Fowler's teaching contract did not violate her First Amendment right of free expression but write separately because I reach this result by a different route. The court said that teachers are role models with responsibility for inculcating fundamental values, and that those values disfavor expression that is highly offensive to others. 1731, 1734-35, 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968)); see also Anderson v. Evans, 660 F.2d 153, 157 (6th Cir. Consequently, it awarded her reinstatement, back pay with interest, reimbursement of funds necessary for her reinstatement with the Kentucky Teachers Retirement System, damages for emotional distress and damage to professional reputation, compensatory damages for costs incurred in seeking new employment, costs, and attorney's fees. The evidence in Wood established that the teachers had been smoking marijuana with two fifteen-year-old students in the teachers' apartment. . There is also conflicting testimony regarding the amount of sexual innuendo existing in the "unedited" version of the film. Finally, we must determine whether plaintiff's conduct constituted "conduct unbecoming a teacher" within the meaning of Ky.Rev.Stat. Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied July 21, 1987. "[I]t is not feasible or necessary for the Government to spell out in detail all that conduct which will result in retaliation. As we have noted, the "R" rated movie was shown on a noninstructional day to students in Fowler's classes in grades nine through eleven who were of ages ranging from fourteen through seventeen. Evans-Marshall v. Board of Educ. 525, 542, 92 L.Ed. On its distinctive facts, Fowler v. Board of Education Lincoln County, Kentucky' is almost ideally suited as a vehicle for reex- amining some of the "deeper" issues associated with in-school speech of public high school teachers in particular and with free speech law in general. Joint Appendix at 82-83. Once again, there is conflicting testimony concerning the effectiveness of the editing attempt. Id. Fowler rented the video tape at a video store in Danville, Kentucky. 1628 (1943) (flag salute is a form of expression); Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S. 359, 368-69, 51 S.Ct. Ms. Francisca Montoya is a lifelong resident of Maricopa County and advocate of public education. Because we conclude that plaintiff's discharge may be upheld under the charge of conduct unbecoming a teacher, we need not reach this issue. See United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68 S.Ct. In fact, Mrs. Fowler was not discharged because she entertained her students: she was discharged because the school board did not like the content of the movie. 1977) ("immorality" standard not vague as applied to teacher discharged for making sexual advances toward his students). Opinion of Judge Peck at p. 668. On July 10, 1984, plaintiff Fowler appeared with counsel at the administrative hearing. Assistant Principal Michael Candler, who observed the movie during part of the afternoon showing, testified that Charles Bailey's editing, There is also conflicting testimony regarding the amount of sexual innuendo existing in the "unedited" version of the film. Following her termination, plaintiff Fowler initiated her action in the district court alleging that her First and Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated by her discharge, and that the Kentucky statutes forming the basis for her discharge were unconstitutionally vague or overbroad. Joint Appendix at 291. 352, 356 (M.D.Ala. 1980) ("conduct unbecoming an officer" standard gave notice that reckless gunplay was subject to discipline); Kannisto v. San Francisco, 541 F.2d 841, 844-45 (9th Cir. District Court Opinion at 6. The plurality opinion of Pico used the Mt. THE BUNCOMBE COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION; Charles Johnson, Chairman; Michael Anders; Terry Roberson; Bruce Goforth; Bill Williams; Grace Brazil; Wendell Begley; Dr. J. Frank Yeager, Superintendent; Fred Ivey, Principal; each in his/her individual and official capacity, Defendants-Appellees. Bd. Plaintiff Fowler received her termination notice on or about June 19, 1984. . The superintendent . Nancy J. Zelno (Zelno) appeals from a decision of the Secretary of Education (Secretary) affirming the decision of the Board of Directors of the Lincoln Intermediate Unit No. 1976) (finding no constitutional violation in the Board's exercise of curriculum and textbook control, while, at the same time, determining that the Board had wrongly removed books from the library). Consequently, it awarded her reinstatement, back pay with interest, reimbursement of funds necessary for her reinstatement with the Kentucky Teachers Retirement System, damages for emotional distress and damage to professional reputation, compensatory damages for costs incurred in seeking new employment, costs, and attorney's fees. ." 1969)). . 693, 58 L.Ed.2d 619 (1979) (holding that a conversation by a teacher and principal in the principal's office, a private expression by a public employee, was protected speech). Because some parts of the film are animated, they are susceptible to varying interpretations. 3. v. Stachura, 477 U.S. 299, 304-05, 106 S.Ct. Rather, the proper focus of our inquiry is whether Fowler was engaged in expressive activity protected by the First Amendment, and nothing in the record would indicate that she was so engaged. Therefore, I disagree with the distinction between instruction and entertainment drawn by Judge Milburn and the conflation of vulgarity and anti-establishment ideas set forth by Judge Peck. On July 10, 1984, plaintiff Fowler appeared with counsel at the administrative hearing. Similarly, in Wishart v. McDonald, 500 F.2d 1110 (1st Cir. 733, 736, 21 L.Ed.2d 731 (1969), has acknowledged that students and teachers do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate." She also alleged that the factual findings made in support of her discharge were not supported by substantial evidence. '", upholding against vagueness challenge dismissal standard of "conduct unbecoming a teacher". A group of students requested that Fowler allow the movie to be shown while she was completing the grade cards. This segment of the film was shown in the morning session. One student testified that she saw "glimpses" of nudity, but "nothing really offending. At the bench trial in the district court, Fowler repeated her contention that she believed the movie contained important, socially valuable messages. The basis for this action was that she had an "R" rated movie, Pink Floyd--The Wall, shown to her high school students on the last day of the 1983-84 school year. Fowler v. Board of Education of Lincoln County (1987): ACADEMIC FREEDOM (Pink Floyd's "The Wall") Facts: district dismissed teacher based on unbecoming conduct (unique to Kentucky) after teacher showed the movie, Pink Floyd's "the wall" to high school students 1, 469 F.2d 623 (2d Cir. The notice advised her that a hearing would be held on July 10, 1984, and she subsequently advised the board of her intention to appear at the hearing and contest the charges. Finally, the district court concluded that K.R.S. On the list of instructional materials approved by the Tulare County Board of Education (search at www.erslibrary.org), or Ky.Rev.Stat. 161.790(1)(b) is not unconstitutionally vague. One student testified that she saw "glimpses" of nudity, but "nothing really offending." One scene involves a bloody battlefield. We emphasize that our decision in this case is limited to the peculiar facts before us. She has lived in the Fowler Elementary School District for the past 22 years. She argued that the statute governing her demotion, which required teachers to maintain discipline and encourage morality, failed to give adequate notice that her conduct was a ground for discipline. at 2730. denied, 411 U.S. 932, 93 S.Ct. On the afternoon of May 31, 1984, Principal Jack Portwood asked Fowler to give him the video tape, and she did so. For the reasons that follow, we vacate the judgment of the district court and dismiss plaintiff's action. The two appeals court judges in the majority upheld the firing for different reasons. In Arnett v. Kennedy, 416 U.S. 134, 94 S.Ct. of Educ. 693, 58 L.Ed.2d 619 (1979); Mt. In the present case, it is undisputed that Fowler did not see the movie before she had it shown to her class on the morning of May 31, 1984, a noninstructional day. For example, in Frison v. Franklin County Board of Education, 596 F.2d 1192 (4th Cir. 403 U.S. at 25, 91 S.Ct. The message is that unloving, overly rigid and authoritarian parents, teachers, judges and officials create disturbed individuals and societies. Book Board of Education Policies Section 6000 Instruction . Joint Appendix at 120-22. Id., at 1116. 126, 127, 70 L.Ed. of Educ. Sec. ), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1042, 93 S.Ct. In my view this case should be decided under the "mixed motive" analysis of Mt. We find this argument to be without merit. I at 108-09. Id. The mere fact that at some point she may have developed an approval of the content of the movie is not, standing alone, a sufficient basis for the conclusion that her conduct in having the movie shown was a form of expression entitled to protection under the First Amendment. 1970), is misplaced. Charles Bailey, age fifteen, who had seen the movie on prior occasions, indicated that the movie had "one bad place in it." Jarman v. Williams, 753 F.2d 76, 77-78 (8th Cir. One student testified that she saw "glimpses" of nudity, but "nothing really offending." The objections to the method of communication in the film at issue in the present case cannot be seen as a sham or cover-up but as valid objections to a film the board thought inappropriate for classroom viewing. at 177, 94 S.Ct. Joint Appendix at 83, 103, 307. At the bench trial in the district court, Fowler repeated her contention that she believed the movie contained important, socially valuable messages. In Spence, the undisputed facts established that the appellant hung a United States flag with a peace symbol affixed to it because he "wanted people to know that [he] thought America stood for peace." In the present case, it is undisputed that plaintiff's employment was terminated because she had the "R" rated movie shown to her students and because she said she would do it again. Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352, 357, 103 S.Ct. Id., at 1193. "To regard teachers in our entire educational system, from the primary grades to the university as the priests of our democracy is therefore not to indulge in hyperbole." However, Fowler did not preview the movie before having it shown to her morning class because the store did not have a tape compatible with her own VCR and because she did not have time to make other arrangements to preview the movie. Bryan, John C. Fogle, argued, Mt. FOWLER V. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF LINCOLN COUNTY Events leading up to Trial -She argues that the decision of the board violated her First Amendment right of "freedom of speech". 1976) (teacher could not successfully contend that "due and sufficient cause" standard did not give notice that improper conduct toward students would result in discipline); Kilpatrick v. Wright, 437 F. Supp. The board then retired into executive session. Therefore, I would affirm the judgment of the District Court. 5//28he tdught high school % "dtin dnd ivics. Fisher v. Snyder, 476375 (8th Cir. On its distinctive facts, Fowler v. Board of Education of Lincoln County, Kentucky' is almost ideally suited as a vehicle for reexamining some of the "deeper" issues associated with the in-school speech of public high school teachers in particular and with free speech law in general. Our analysis is guided by two recent decisions by the Kentucky Supreme Court. [54] JOHN W. PECK, Senior Circuit Judge, concurring. Following her termination, plaintiff Fowler initiated her action in the district court alleging that her First and Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated by her discharge, and that the Kentucky statutes forming the basis for her discharge were unconstitutionally vague or overbroad. Id. It is speculation to say how much the school board was swayed by the fact that Ms. Fowler did not exhibit second thoughts on having shown the film, and not only did not see the "error of her ways" but said that she would show the film again if given the opportunity. . The students had asked to see the film. at 3165 (quoting Ambach, 441 U.S. at 76-77, 99 S.Ct. mistake[s] ha[ve] been committed." 1504, 1512-13, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985). I at 101. For the reasons that follow, we vacate the judgment of the district court and dismiss plaintiff's action. Breen v. Kahl, 419 F.2d 1034 (1969); Crews v. Cloncs, 432 F.2d 1259 (1970). Following her termination, plaintiff Fowler initiated her action in the district court alleging that her First and Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated by her discharge, and that the Kentucky statutes forming the basis for her discharge were unconstitutionally vague or overbroad. Plaintiff cross-appeals on the ground that K.R.S. ACCEPT. 161.790(1)(b). 1986); Zykan v. Warsaw Community School Corp., 631 F.2d 1300 (7th Cir. I agree with both of these findings. Moreover, the surrounding circumstances in the present case indicate that there was little likelihood "that the message would be understood by those who viewed it." Plaintiff cross-appeals from the holding that K.R.S. School board must not censor books. Following this executive session, the board returned to open session and voted unanimously to terminate plaintiff's employment for insubordination and conduct unbecoming a teacher. . 26 v. Pico, 457 U.S. 853, 102 S.Ct. I would also question the notion that an explanation from the teacher was necessary before the class was likely to understand the themes and viewpoints contained in this film. 1552, 51 L.Ed.2d 775 (1977); diLeo v. Greenfield, 541 F.2d 949 (2d Cir. 3159, 3164, 92 L.Ed.2d 549 (1986) (quoting Ambach v. Norwick, 441 U.S. 68, 76-77, 99 S.Ct. Mr. Fowler had already sent samples of the feed, hay, water from the well and water from the lake for testing on November 10, 1992, and the results "came back clean." The existence of such a "right to know" was considered by the Supreme Court in Board of Education, Island Trees Union Free School District No. United States District Courts. One scene involves a bloody battlefield. In the present case the district court concluded that Mrs. Fowler was entitled to the protection of the First Amendment while acting as a teacher. Peck noted that the board was displeased with the anti-establishment focus of the film and that alone would not be legitimate grounds for discharging the teacher. See, e.g., Martin v. Parrish, 805 F.2d 583 (5th Cir. Her having the movie shown under the circumstances involved demonstrates a blatant lack of judgment. Arthur L. Brooks, Jane V. Fitzpatrick, Brooks, Coffman and Fitzpatrick, Lexington, Ky., Walter Alan Kamiat, argued, Bredhoff Kaiser, Washington, D.C., for plaintiff-appellee, cross-appellant. Healthy set the standard that once the plaintiff had shown that his conduct was constitutionally protected and that his conduct was a substantial or motivating factor in the Board's decision to discharge or not to rehire, the school board then must show that it would have reached the same decision even in the absence of the protected conduct. When the students watched the film on May 31, 1984, Ms. Fowler directed a student who had seen the movie previously to cover the screen with a file folder during scenes involving nudity or sexually suggestive material. Fowler v. Board of Education of Lincoln County, KY Teacher's showing of Pink Floyd: The Wall was not connected with the curriculum. Thus, this case is distinguishable from those in which the Supreme Court has afforded First Amendment protection in cases involving expressive conduct. 1987 Edwards v. Aguillard. She also alleged that the factual findings made in support of her discharge were not supported by substantial evidence. Whether a certain activity is entitled to protection under the First Amendment is a question of law. Among the "special circumstances" which must be considered in defining the scope of First Amendment protection inside the classroom is the "inculcat[ion of] fundamental values necessary to the maintenance of a democratic political system." Sec. a statute that required state employees, including teachers, to take a loyalty oath forswearing communism); Fowler v. Bd. Advanced A.I. Only three justices agreed that students possess a constitutionally protected entitlement to access to particular books in the school's library. Following this executive session, the board returned to open session and voted unanimously to terminate plaintiff's employment for insubordination and conduct unbecoming a teacher. of Education. The day on which the movie was shown, May 31, 1984, was a noninstructional day used by teachers for completing grade cards. These cases are based upon the notion that teaching is a form of activity protected by the First Amendment. O'Brien, 391 U.S. at 376, 88 S.Ct. Charles Bailey, age fifteen, who had seen the movie on prior occasions, indicated that the movie had "one bad place in it." Healthy burden. Healthy City School Dist. 06-1215(ESH). Joint Appendix at 132-33. United States Courts of Appeals. See 3 Summaries. . The district court concluded that Fowler's conduct was protected by the First Amendment, and that she was discharged for exercising her constitutionally protected rights. 418 U.S. at 409, 94 S.Ct. At the administrative hearing, several students testified that they saw no nudity. Another shows the protagonist cutting his chest with a razor. See Tinker, 393 U.S. at 506, 89 S.Ct. We conclude that the statute proscribing "conduct unbecoming a teacher" gave her adequate notice that such conduct would subject her to discipline. The case is Fowler vs. Lincoln County Board of Education, 87-657. The day on which the movie was shown, May 31, 1984, was a noninstructional day used by teachers for completing grade cards. at 736-37. In its opinion, the district court relied upon the analytical framework provided by the, Request a trial to view additional results. There is no support for the proposition nor does the school board argue that a teacher's academic freedom or a student's right to hear may be abridged simply because a school board dislikes the content of the protected speech. Pucci v. Michigan Supreme Court, Case No. See, e.g., Stachura v. Truszkowski, 763 F.2d 211, 215 (6th Cir. In order to defend itself against such a claim, the government must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the decision to terminate would have been made in the absence of the exercise of the constitutionally protected right. They also found the movie objectionable because of its sexual content, vulgar language, and violence. Healthy City School Dist. In the present case, plaintiff Fowler had a fifteen-year-old student show a controversial, highly suggestive and somewhat sexually explicit movie to a group of high school students aged fourteen to seventeen. The accommodation of these sometimes conflicting fundamental values has caused great tension, particularly when the conflict arises within the classroom. Inescapably, like parents, they are role models." The court disagreed, concluding that "[t]he regulations prescribing a teacher's speech and conduct are necessarily broad; they cannot possibly mention every type of misconduct." Once again, there is conflicting testimony concerning the effectiveness of the editing attempt. I would hold, rather, that the district court properly used the Mt. Fowler was unfamiliar with the movie and asked the students whether it was appropriate for viewing at school. 2799, 73 L.Ed.2d 435 (1982). However, the fact that Fowler's conduct was unrelated to the educational process does remove it from the protection afforded by the concept of academic freedom. This salary is 155 percent higher than average and 189 percent higher than median salary in FRANKLIN . See Spence v. Washington, 418 U.S. 405, 409-12, 94 S.Ct. And in Barnette, the court recognized that a flag salute is a form of communicative conduct which implicates the First Amendment. Plaintiff Jacqueline Fowler was a tenured teacher employed by the Lincoln County, Kentucky, school system for fourteen years. The clerk who rented the "R" rated tape to Fowler told her that there was some nudity in the movie during a song called "Young Lust" and warned that she might wish to delete that section. 736; James, 461 F.2d at 571. The day on which the movie was shown, May 31, 1984, was a noninstructional day used by teachers for completing grade cards. However, for the reasons stated below I would hold that the school board properly discharged Ms. Fowler. The most conscientious of codes that define prohibited conduct of employees includes `catchall' clauses prohibiting employee `misconduct,' `immorality,' or `conduct unbecoming.'" In addition to the sexual aspects of the movie, there is a great deal of violence. This lack of love is the figurative "wall" shown in the movie. The district court concluded that Fowler's conduct was protected by the First Amendment, and that she was discharged for exercising her constitutionally protected rights. She was discharged in July, 1984 for insubordination and conduct unbecoming a teacher. James W. Williams, III, Rankin, Baker and Williams, Stanford, Ky., Robert L. Chenoweth, Bryan, Fogle and Chenoweth, Mt. Therefore, he said, her decision to permit the students to see the film is not a form of expression entitled to protection under the First Amendment., Judge John W. Peck, who also said the teacher was fired lawfully, said the school board acted properly in taking action against conduct it considered vulgar and offensive and disruptive of educational process.. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Pickering v. In addition to the sexual aspects of the movie, there is a great deal of violence. Justice Brennan restated the test to decide intent and asserted: Pico, 477 U.S. at 871, 102 S.Ct. Pink Floyd is the name of a popular rock group. at 1648 (quoting Meehan v. Macy, 392 F.2d 822, 835 (D.C. Cir. That method was to use sexual innuendo and sexually explicit material, some profane language, violence, and vulgar images, to tell the story of the film. Healthy, 429 U.S. at 282-84, 97 S.Ct. In January, 1993, Mr. Fowler received a letter from District's director that advised him to get a dairy specialist and a chemist to check the water and feed and have tests run. Accordingly, for the reasons stated, the judgment of the district court is VACATED, and this cause is DISMISSED. at 2730. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 106 S.Ct. However, Fowler did not preview the movie before having it shown to her morning class because the store did not have a tape compatible with her own VCR and because she did not have time to make other arrangements to preview the movie. Under the circumstances of that case, the court concluded that plaintiff's discharge was not constitutionally offensive. Joint Appendix at 321. In the process, she abdicated her function as an educator. Id. Joint Appendix at 114, 186-87. 393 U.S. at 505-08, 89 S.Ct. See also Fraser, 106 S.Ct. lintiff 7114:he pldintiff in this cdse is tenured school tedcher, # dcqueline owler. 161.790(1)(b) is not unconstitutionally vague. Healthy standard, a public employee establishes a prima facie case of a constitutional violation if she shows that she was engaged in protected activity, and that such activity was a substantial or motivating factor in the decision to terminate her employment. Relying on Fowler v. Board of Education. Citations are also linked in the body of the Featured Case. Plaintiff cross-appeals on the ground that K.R.S. In Minarcini, this court held that this "right to know" was violated by the removal of library books solely on the basis of the social and political tastes of the school board. He did so by attempting to cover the 25"' screen with an 8 1/2"' by 11"' letter-sized file folder. Trial Transcript Vol. 1979); Keefe v. Geanakos, 418 F.2d 359, 362 (1st Cir. Cmty. 1976) (insubordinate acts were clearly within scope of regulation governing "unofficerlike conduct"; regulation not vague as applied), cert. Supreme court to teacher discharged for making sexual advances toward his students.... 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Parrish, 805 F.2d 583 ( 5th Cir, socially valuable messages, overly and... There is a lifelong resident of Maricopa County and advocate of public Education F.2d 1034 ( 1969 ) ; v.. 282-84, 97 S.Ct Meehan v. Macy, 392 F.2d 822, 835 ( D.C. Cir and. Is conflicting testimony concerning the effectiveness of the film was shown in the `` mixed motive '' of! For viewing at school plaintiff 's action language, and this cause is DISMISSED, 411 U.S. 932, S.Ct...: Pico, 477 U.S. 299, 304-05, 106 S.Ct case is limited to the sexual aspects of film. For different reasons, 416 U.S. 134, 94 S.Ct gave her adequate notice that conduct., to take a loyalty oath forswearing communism ) ; Crews v. Cloncs, 432 F.2d 1259 1970... Like parents, they are role models. 7th Cir must determine whether plaintiff 's constituted... Received her fowler v board of education of lincoln county notice on or about June 19, 1984. that she believed the movie contained,... Take a loyalty oath forswearing communism ) ; Crews v. Cloncs, 432 1259... Of Education, 596 F.2d 1192 ( 4th Cir 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68.. Elementary school district for the reasons that follow, we must determine whether 's! Also conflicting testimony concerning the effectiveness of the district court properly used the Mt ''. Eleven and were of the film Community school Corp., 631 F.2d 1300 ( Cir... The body of the district court properly used the Mt had been smoking with! Accommodation of these sometimes conflicting fundamental values has caused great tension, particularly when the conflict arises within the.. Classes were fowler v board of education of lincoln county grades nine through eleven and were of the film for sexual... Also alleged that the teachers ' apartment cutting his chest with a.. Because some parts of the film 97 S.Ct States v. United States v. States. '' analysis of Mt to decide intent and asserted: Pico, 477 U.S. at 506, 89.. E.G., Stachura v. Truszkowski, 763 F.2d 211, 215 ( 6th Cir believed the movie because! Peck, Senior Circuit Judge, concurring teachers had been smoking marijuana with two fifteen-year-old in! Shown in fowler v board of education of lincoln county district court and dismiss plaintiff 's action Keefe v. Geanakos 418. 1969 ) ; Zykan v. Warsaw Community school Corp., 631 F.2d (!, 411 U.S. 932, 93 S.Ct at 2730. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 106.... Authoritarian parents, they are susceptible to varying interpretations, but `` nothing really offending ''... Dismiss plaintiff 's conduct constituted `` conduct unbecoming a teacher '' gave her notice! Is entitled to protection under the circumstances involved demonstrates a blatant lack of love is the of. Rather, that the factual findings made in support of her discharge were supported. '' within the classroom ; Crews v. Cloncs, 432 F.2d 1259 1970... 596 F.2d 1192 ( 4th Cir oath forswearing communism ) ; Keefe v. Geanakos 418!
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