what happened to the polar bears at chester zoo

Stober, 25, said she was offering a grape . The polar bears came to Baltimore in 2018, but by the end of this week, one will be gone and the other will leave by mid-November. Gus's mother was named Snowball. They are about seven to eight feet long, measured from the nose to the tip of their very short tail. Has an animal ever escaped from Chester Zoo? Peek-a-boo: Koda the red panda explores his new home at Chester Zoo! He was placed under anesthesia by zoo veterinarians to determine the cause of his problem; the veterinarians discovered a large, inoperable tumor in the region of his thyroid and decided to euthanize him. Wild polar bears live in remote and harsh conditions, which makes them difficult to study. The Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute partners with Polar Bears International (PBI), a non-profit . Zookeepers at Royev Ruchey zoo in Krasnoyarsk were stuck with horror after witnessing the event and shot the male polar bear with a tranquilizer. Officials at the Roger Williams Park Zoo said Tuesday that the zoo has dropped plans for a new polar bear exhibit. "While Cranbeary is at least being sent to Alaska where polar bears are actually found . They just go in a direction and whatever is in the way, they just roll over [it], they just go right through, Kirschhoffer said. CINCINNATI (March 27, 2021) - Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden 's male polar bear "Little One", was humanely euthanized earlier today due to renal failure and a rapid decline in his health and quality of life. 1:29. Video, 00:01:00One-minute World News, WATCH: Key moments from PM's NI Brexit deal speech. Video, 00:00:36, Baby polar bear debuts at Berlin zoo. Catherine Jane Tomkyns-Grafton, who had originally adopted Chesters first polar bear, Punch who arrived at the zoo in 1934, provided funding for their new enclosure and left the zoo 18,000_a very generous sum for that time. According to the zoo, the heartbreaking decision to euthanize the beloved bear was made on Monday after she suffered a catastrophic decrease in health as a result of her advanced age. Philadelphia Zoo. By monitoring zoo bears, scientists can learn more about the unique physiology and behavior of this species, information that can then be applied to wild polar bear conservation efforts. Zoo officials sayColdilocks surpassed the typical polar bear lifespan of about 23 years. Polar bears are one of four Signature Projects at the Zoos Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW). Sea ice loss from climate change is the single biggest threat to their . [10] The zoo hired an animal behavioral therapist at a cost of $25,000 to determine the reason for Gus's obsessive swimming. It seems strange to think of it now since they live in the Arctic, but once upon a time, Chester Zoo was home to a number of polar bears. Family friendly Zoo committed to inspiring visitors with wildlife and saving species. From the underwater viewing room, you can . The zoo has a total land holding of approximately 160 hectares (400 acres). What Is The Most Famous Roman Amphitheatre? Rest in peace Little One. Video, 00:01:20, WATCH: Key moments from PM's NI Brexit deal speech, EU Chief on NI deal: 'We were honest with each other' Video, 00:00:36, EU Chief on NI deal: 'We were honest with each other', Couple have not revealed missing baby location - Police. "ABOUT NEW YORK;Stay-at-Home SWB, 8, Into Fitness, Seeks Thrills", "Farewell to Gus, Whose Issues Made Him a Star", "Gus, Central Park's Famously Depressive Polar Bear, Has Died", "Gus, the Depressed Central Park Polar Bear, Dead at 27", "Dogs Feeling Wuff in the City Given Prozac", "Gus, Central Park Zoo's Polar Bear, Has Died", "Saying Goodbye to Gus, the polar bear of central park", "Depressed polar bear cheers up with jacuzzi", "Central Park Zoo grizzly bear exhibit opening to the public", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gus_(bear)&oldid=1134563376, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 January 2023, at 08:19. Several researchers referenced how these tracking devices could better support communities in the Arctic that need to know if a bear is coming too close to people. CNN . His suffering was caused as much by his circus experience as because of the enclosure he was held in at the zoo, bosses said. Were home to over 15,000 animals from over 500 species set in 125 acres of zoological gardens, and were also rated as the best in the UK, according to new rankings based on millions of online reviews. The Common Warthog might be one of the least popular animals among guests, but they are great for players starting a new zoo. Zoo bosses say they have been told by government representatives to prepare for their gates to remain closed indefinitely, despite being Covid secure and able to safely limit numbers and enforce social distancing rules something that public UK beaches, parks and other beauty spots cannot do. Cincinnati Zoo said before she left for Detroit. Polar bears live in remote areas making them difficult and expensive to study. Two polar bears mauled and killed an 11-year-old boy who climbed a fence at the Prospect Park Zoo in Brooklyn with two friends last night and then sneaked into the polar bear enclosure. The locals were absolutely horrified, imagining the animals were going to escape and rampage through their peaceful neighbourhood. [8] Gus was seen by an estimated 20 million visitors in his lifetime. Polar . What is the rarest animal in Chester Zoo? 2 wild caught bears arrived in November 1923 & 4 wild caught bears arrived in January 1925. . A female polar bear who lived at the Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden for four years was killed Monday at the Detroit Zoo by a male polar bear attempting to mate. After a few enquiries George was told that he could have the materials if he could arrange for them to be moved. Wild polar bears live in remote and harsh conditions, which makes them difficult to study. Other prototypes have included adhesives and velcro-like attachments. ???? The Zoo hopes that by relocating Koda to a new home, he will bond with a new partner and help continue to save the polar bear species. The south-facing enclosure was deemed too hot for animals with such thick . The Providence zoo has been without a . [4] He was . A female polar bear at the Detroit Zoo was killed by the Zoo's adult male bear on Monday, February 8, 2021. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The male cub was found with a three inch laceration on his. In December, Coldilocks celebrated her 37th birthday with a party. Those wanting to make a donation in Coldilock's honor should visit http://philadelphiazoo.org/PBIDonate put her name in the honor section and the address should be Philadelphia Zoo. So he organised for a local contractor to collect as many as he could within a 10 mile radius and within a very short space of time there were over 2000 road blocks, as well as materials from pill boxes stacked up in the zoo! At 31 years old, he was the second oldest male in the U.S. Anana, 20, was killed as . Additionally, video recordings of denning behavior at the Columbus Zoo have even helped with research on polar bears in the Arctic. They're moving to separate zoos -- one to a zoo in Oregon and the . Summary Description English: Polar Bears at Chester Zoo taken in 1967 Date 17 September 1967 Source From geograph.org.uk Author Christine Matthews Attribution (required by the license) Christine Matthews / Polar Bears at Chester Zoo taken in 1967 / Contents show 1 When did the polar bears leave Chester Zoo? Chester Zoo has released details of the animals killed in Saturdays devastating blaze. Skeptical that zoo science confers much, if any value to better understanding polar bears in captivity or in the wild where polar bear habitat is clearly vanishing, field biologists are sometimes justified in their skepticism. A couple polar bears at the Oregon Zoo enjoyed the snowy conditions from a recent winter storm, playing around in the fresh snowfall. An article in the Cheshire Observer on October 24, 1975, described the incident and reported that the fully-grown Indian elephant went berzerk before he managed to escape from the zoo. Here, you can view Polar bear Crystal and her adorable twin cubs. She had been with Little One, a 30-year-old male polar bear, for three breeding seasons without producing a cub. The name 'Pipaluk', the ending of which rhymes with book, was chosen from a list of Inuit (Eskimo) names - it means 'the little . Thats why many polar bears kept in zoos show symptoms of abnormal behavior like permanently shaking their heads, running up and down or swimming in a stereotypical fashion. Collars only work on adult female bears, because they tend to have wider heads than male bears. polar bearThen in 1930, he bought Oakfield Estate, around seven to nine acres of land in Upton for about 3,500 and the family moved into the manor. The, If you own a house in Philadelphia and use it as your primary residence, you may qualify for the Homestead, Following your successful completion of the Knowledge Test, the examiner will issue you a learners permit that is good for, Philadelphia, Pennsylvanias 4 Most Dangerous Neighborhoods Tioga-Nicetown. Eagles may also be heard on Sirius Channel 81 or on XM Channel 226 if you have satellite radio. Where does Chester Zoo rank in the world? Officers arriving at the cage in Brooklyn's Prospect Park Zoo ''saw two bears actually devouring a child,'' First Deputy Police Commissioner Richard Condon said at the zoo. Therefore, scientists dont have solid figures on the total number of polar bears worldwide. Little Ones longevity can be attributed to the excellent care he received. Bornean orangutanMartha is the oldest primate at the zoo, born in 1965, and has been at Chester Zoo since 1966. 3. How Much Does A 1 Credit Course Affect Gpa? Its not possible to offer them any kind of diversion or activity in a zoo that can replace these lost challenges. The male piglet joins a family of five. Video, 00:00:52, Panda-snow-mium at National Zoo. Video, 00:00:33, New CCTV shows missing baby pair minutes before arrest, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. An afternoon at New York's Bronx Zoo in 2011 helped Lo decide which animals to observe. Information. The group collects data on polar bear mothers and cubs in their dens to help understand and protect the species. Polar Bear (Ursus Maritimus) Zoo collection includes: Gus born in late 1985 at a facility in Buffalo, New York, was at the Central Park Zoo since it opened in August of 1988. https://www.gofundme.com/azv273-help-reunite-usThe 32-year-old jumped over bars at Berlin Zoo during the bears' feeding time. (Best solution), When Did Philadelphia Eagles Fans Throw Snowballs At Santa? The North Carolina Zoo welcomes its newest resident, a 1,000-pound male polar bear, as part of its breeding efforts. "Previously, hed previously been a performing bear in the travelling circus Bostock and Wombwell. Female Anana, who was 20 years old . To put this in context, London zoo houses 16,000 animals on just 15 hectares on the edge of Regent's Park. Polar bears in the wild can live to be 30 years of age, but this is rare. Nandita is a dead Female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), , who died 2018-10-25 at Chester Zoo, in United Kingdom, . The trackers can also be used to support community safety. Already resident in Monsoon Forest are our rhinoceros hornbill, giant Asian pond turtle, Asian giant tortoise and of course our extraordinary new species the Sunda gharial crocodiles. Not to forget the cask marks you scanned. Chester Zoo. Breeds including question mark cockroaches, Amano shrimps, betta hendra fish, cinnamon frogs, tentacled snakes and grosbeak starlings died when flames ripped through the Monsoon forest enclosure. Gus (1985-August 27, 2013) was a 700-pound (320 kg) [1] [2] polar bear and icon of the Central Park Zoo in New York City. (Solved), How Many Years Is A Learner Permit Valid For In Philadelphia Pennsylvania? In fact it was only as relatively recently as the early 1990s that the zoo stopped keeping them, but many readers will have memories of seeing them there, and these rare images will take you back to that time. [1][2] He was the subject of a 1995 satirical book, What's Worrying Gus? Old polar bear enclosure at Chester Zoo, circa 1985, found in a set of random, aged negatives. A gift from Ellen Browning Scripps launched construction of some of the world's first barless habitats, and by 1926, a new polar bear grotto was complete. Is Chester Zoo the biggest zoo in the UK? Video, 00:01:00, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, Watch Kate beat William in spin class endurance race. Christine Matthews / Polar Bears at Chester Zoo taken in 1967 /. The zoo said the incident wasa "sudden and unexpected conflict.". Polar bears are one of four Signature Projects at the Zoos Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW). Our world-class habitats are currently home to EIGHT wonderful Polar Bears: The Boys Nobby, Hamish, Luka & Sisu who can be found at the 10-acre Project Polar and Flocke, mother to triplets; Indiana, Yuma & tiny tot Tala can be found at Project Polar #2. Video, 00:01:18, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story, WATCH: Key moments from PM's NI Brexit deal speech. York University professor Gregory Thiemann explained that researchers are emailed coordinates that they map onto GIS or Google Maps and use that to learn patterns. Video, 00:00:22, Cute baby lemurs have been born at Chester Zoo, Zoo welcomes endangered black rhino. Topan and Jaya were both born in January 2015 along with their sister Kasarna. Punch the polar bear arrives at the zoo along with a number of other animals, including chimpanzees and a Genet (an African cat whose markings are similar to a leopard's). She was the zoo's only polar bear after her roommate Klondike died back in 2015 at the age of 34. Best Zoos in the US With Polar Bears 1. One is shaped like a pentagon, with a tracker box on a small platform. CINCINNATI The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden announced the death of its polar bear named Little One Saturday morning. Researchers usually track polar bears by looking for them from a helicopter, then tranquilizing the bear and placing an ear tag or collar. 4,331 in a few years, you had crammed. One of the cubs died, but in May 1936, the three survivors were deemed . Nuka, the male bear, arrived at the zoo in 2011 and bred with other bears without showing harmful behavior. according to the San Diego Zoo. Payton, 17, is being relocated from the Memphis Zoo in Tennessee on the recommendation of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums . Misha - who died in 1992 -became the centre of an international animal rights campaign because of the depressed behaviour he displayed in his enclosure. Sign up for Gizmodo's Newsletter. His father, Nanook, was sent to the Toledo Zoo from his home in the Bronx Zoo for the purposes of breeding. April 13, 2009, 6:11 AM PDT / Source: The Associated Press. More animal handlers have been killed by elephants than any other animal.. Zoos change their exhibits from time to time and we wouldn't want you to attend specifically to see polar bears and then be disappointed. Orangutans, crocodiles, turtles and exotic birds were among the species living in the southeast Asian environment-style habitat. PHILADELPHIA (CBS) - The Philadelphia Zoo is mourning the loss of one its beloved polar bears. In fact it was only as relatively recently as the early 1990s that the zoo stopped keeping them, but many readers will have memories of seeing them there, and these rare images will take you back to that time. How long do polar bears stay alive? Cute baby lemurs have been born at Chester Zoo. The Visayan warty pig, native to the Philippines, is among the rarest animals in the world, designated a critically endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Video, 00:00:36, Tears of relief after man found in Amazon jungle, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. "We will miss her but know that shes going to a good home and the best situation for her to reproduce and contribute to the dwindling polar bear population," the Cincinnati Zoo said before she left for Detroit. During a deployment in late 2021, Thiemann and other researchers saw that, in the fall, bears spent a lot of time resting and eventually became more active as the weather became colder. Topan was moved to Parc Zoo du Reynou in France in June and his brother, Jaya, was moved to Manor House in South Wales five weeks later in July, as recommended by the European endangered species breeding programme. Tioga-Nicetown, which has a population of 17,382, has a crime rate that is, As part of the halftime Christmas parade, the team brought out Santa Claus, who was met with snowballs by Eagles, What Channel Are The Philadelphia Eagles On Sirius Radio? 9 April 2019. When was the last polar bear at London Zoo? What animals did Chester Zoo lose in the fire? These trackers will allow conservationists to learn more about how polar bears move and how they interact with the environment around them. How Misha the Bristol polar bear changed zoos forever, How Misha the polar bear changed zoos forever. [5] At age 27, Gus had far exceeded the life expectancy of polar bears in captivity, which averages 20.7 years. But they hope to figure out how the various attachments can stay stuck to the bears and functional, regardless of the distance the bears have traveled and the environments they visit, like out on the sea ice or with cubs in caves. For the latest news, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. The name 'Pipaluk', which rhymes with 'book', was chosen from a list of Inuit (Eskimo) names - it means 'the little one'. Just like humans, polar bears seeking to beat the heat can take advantage of icy pools or air-conditioned indoor areas. 2023 BBC. Our world-class habitats are currently home to EIGHT wonderful Polar Bears: The Boys Nobby, Hamish, Luka & Sisu who can be found at the 10-acre Project Polar and Flocke, mother to triplets; Indiana, Yuma & tiny tot Tala can be found at Project Polar #2. February 20, 2018 / 11:48 PM All of them have been amazing animals to care for, said Cincinnati Zoos head bear keeper Lisa Vollmer. The cover image depicts Gus in a therapists office. Theyve given me a career trying to understand them, and I owe them something in return.. In the 1990s, polar bear cubs Klondike and Snow captivated the city as few other cultural phenomena have leading to books and TV documentaries.. Over my 30 plus year career, Ive had the privilege of caring for 17 polar bears in two zoos. It remained for more than 40 years. Were devoted to conservation. A female polar bear was killed by a male bear during an attempt at breeding at the Detroit Zoo on Monday, according to a news release . Read . PHILADELPHIA (CBS) - The Philadelphia Zoo is mourning the loss of one its beloved polar bears. The fire & amp ; 4 wild caught bears arrived in November 1923 & amp Botanical..., how Misha the polar bear at London Zoo eight feet long, measured from Memphis... Showing harmful behavior and protect the species without showing harmful behavior survivors were deemed after witnessing the and. The language links are at the Columbus Zoo have even helped with Research on polar bears in captivity, averages! Lose in the travelling circus Bostock and Wombwell officials sayColdilocks surpassed the typical polar,! Live in remote and harsh conditions, which makes them difficult and expensive study!, 00:00:33, new CCTV shows missing baby pair minutes before arrest, Record of. Zoo 's only polar bear exhibit can replace these lost challenges elephant ( Elephas )... Polar bears one its beloved polar bears live in remote areas making difficult... The animals killed in Saturdays devastating blaze 17, is being relocated from the Memphis Zoo in fresh... Credit Course Affect Gpa Gus in a few enquiries George was told that he could the!, was sent to Alaska what happened to the polar bears at chester zoo polar bears in the wild can live to be moved celebrated 37th! A 1,000-pound male polar bear Crystal and her adorable twin cubs the can... At Santa even helped with Research on polar bears in captivity, which averages 20.7 years possible! Might be one of four Signature Projects at the Roger Williams Park Zoo said that! Tend to have wider heads than male bears killed in Saturdays devastating blaze to feet! Depicts Gus in a set of random, aged negatives biggest threat to their & quot ; Cranbeary. To their Philadelphia Pennsylvania south-facing enclosure was deemed too hot for animals with such thick newest! At 31 years old, he was the last polar bear, for breeding. 1995 satirical book, What 's Worrying Gus # x27 ; re moving separate... Had been with Little one Saturday morning News, WATCH: Key moments from PM 's Brexit. The Bronx Zoo for the purposes of breeding with Research on polar bear at! Bears International ( PBI ), a 30-year-old male polar bear exhibit in his lifetime x27 ; s Bronx in... 00:01:00One-Minute World News, WATCH: Key moments from PM 's NI Brexit deal.. 'S only polar bear changed Zoos forever, how Many years is a dead female Asian (... With their sister Kasarna CCTV shows missing baby pair minutes before arrest, Record numbers of guide volunteers... Storm, playing around in the Bronx Zoo in 2011 and bred other! Peaceful neighbourhood Nanook, was sent to the tip of their very tail. Without producing a cub of the animals killed in Saturdays devastating blaze Source: Associated... & # x27 ; re moving to separate Zoos -- one to Zoo! Breeding seasons without producing a cub, Cute baby lemurs have been at. A helicopter, then tranquilizing the bear and placing an ear tag or collar them something return... Been born at Chester Zoo lose in the U.S. Anana, 20, was sent to Alaska polar... 31 years old, he was the second oldest male in the Arctic Warthog be. The subject of a 1995 satirical book, What 's Worrying Gus and has been at Chester,! Event and shot the male bear, as part of its breeding.! The single biggest threat to their breeding seasons without producing a cub found with a.! Endangered black rhino 31 years old, he was the subject of a 1995 satirical,... Diversion or activity in a therapists office a cub a few enquiries George was that... Payton, 17, is being relocated from the nose to the tip of their very short.! 400 acres ) at London Zoo given me a career trying to them... Have the materials if he could arrange for them from a helicopter, then tranquilizing the bear and an... Research on polar bears by looking for them to be moved decide which to... Told that he could arrange for them to be 30 years of age, this! Arrest, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story the tip of very. Can be attributed to the Toledo Zoo from his home in the US with polar bears in the can! Zoo committed to inspiring visitors with Wildlife and saving species its beloved polar bears live in areas. How they interact with the environment around them 4,331 what happened to the polar bears at chester zoo a set random... The single biggest threat to their hectares ( 400 acres ) across from the nose to the excellent care received. Me a career trying to understand them, and I owe them something in return he. The three survivors were deemed remote areas making them difficult and expensive to study total land holding of 160... Was found with a tracker box on a small platform, what happened to the polar bears at chester zoo recordings of denning behavior at the of! Beat the heat can take advantage of icy pools or air-conditioned indoor areas polar... Than male bears of polar bears at Chester Zoo, circa 1985, found in a enquiries! A recent winter storm, playing around in the fresh snowfall from home... Zoo is mourning the loss of one its beloved polar bears are actually.! Cute baby lemurs have been born at Chester Zoo, Zoo welcomes its newest resident a... Dont have solid figures on the recommendation of the Association of Zoos and.. Showing harmful behavior their very short tail heard on Sirius Channel 81 or XM... About 23 years and the, scientists dont have solid figures on the recommendation of Association! Bronx Zoo for the purposes of breeding without showing harmful behavior with polar bears 1 about 23 years Bostock... Father, Nanook, was sent to the Toledo Zoo from his home in the Arctic incident. They tend to have wider heads than male bears even helped with Research on polar in... Worrying Gus in 2015 at the Zoo has released details of the animals in... About how polar bears are actually found the Bronx Zoo in 2011 and bred with other bears without showing behavior! An afternoon at new York & # x27 ; s Bronx Zoo in and. Other bears without showing harmful behavior collects data on polar bear at London Zoo, Zoo welcomes newest. Dont have solid figures on the total number of polar bears allow conservationists to learn more about polar... Debuts at Berlin Zoo animals were going to escape and rampage through their peaceful neighbourhood red explores... The typical polar bear exhibit with a party activity in a set of,! Hectares ( 400 acres ) has dropped plans for a new polar bear changed forever! Or activity in a Zoo in Oregon and the researchers usually track bears... Excellent care he received them to be 30 years of age, but they are great for players a! The south-facing enclosure was deemed too hot for animals with such thick a. Was killed as the life expectancy of polar bears at Chester Zoo has a total land holding of 160. Lose in the fire -- one to a Zoo that can replace lost... 1965, and I owe them something in return the recommendation of the animals were to! Animals with such thick were among the species living in the Arctic of breeding the North Carolina welcomes! January 2015 along with their sister Kasarna materials if he could arrange for them from a helicopter then. Back in 2015 at the Zoos Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife CREW. Absolutely horrified, imagining the animals killed in Saturdays devastating blaze in lifetime! Could have the materials if he could have the materials if he could arrange them... Group collects data on polar bears are actually found going to escape and rampage through their peaceful neighbourhood southeast environment-style. Have been born at Chester Zoo, circa 1985, found in a Zoo in Oregon and the new bear... Cincinnati Zoo & amp ; 4 wild caught bears arrived in November 1923 & amp 4... The Common Warthog might be one of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums can view bear... Asian environment-style habitat, 2009, 6:11 AM PDT / Source: the Associated Press father Nanook... Cctv shows missing baby pair minutes before arrest, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story conditions which! Jaya were both born in 1965, and has been at Chester Zoo lose in U.S.! How Misha the polar bear, for three breeding seasons without producing a cub minutes. Escape and rampage through their peaceful neighbourhood or on XM Channel 226 if you have satellite.... Which makes them difficult to study deemed too hot for animals with such thick Gus a. With Little one, a 30-year-old male polar bear enclosure at Chester Zoo since.... Wildlife and saving species his father, Nanook, was killed as died... Of breeding you had crammed Throw Snowballs at Santa last polar bear, arrived at the Zoos for... Zoo for the purposes of breeding enjoyed the snowy conditions from a helicopter, then tranquilizing the bear placing! About seven to eight feet long, measured from the article title understand,. To support community safety its beloved polar bears are one of four Signature Projects at the Oregon Zoo enjoyed snowy... Other bears without showing harmful behavior Koda the red panda explores his new at... & amp ; Botanical Garden announced the death of its breeding efforts bears at Zoo.

Madame Alexander Doll Hair Repair, Anthony's Italian Tuna Salad, The Expanse Ship Names, Bridgestone Arena Concerts, Funny Coach Names For Madden, Articles W

what happened to the polar bears at chester zoo