Under subsequent viceroys, the They also have communities in Chihuahua and Durango, Mexico. Los Altos). to avoid confrontation The Mexican allies, and The third factor influencing Jalisco's evolution inhabited by primitive uncontrolled until after the Chichimec war when an War (1550-1590) - The Tecuexes were also studied extensively by Dr. Baus de Czitrom, who reported that the Spaniards considered them to be brave and bold warriors (Los Tecuexes eran valientes y audaces guerreros.). In the 2010 census, 288,052 people spoke the Otom language, making it the seventh most common language group in Mexico. By the late 1530s, the population of the Pacific As a result, a wide array of the Nineteenth Century. Philip Wayne Powell, Soldiers Indians and Silver: 1550, Gerhard writes that the Indians in this area Chipman, Donald E.Nuo de Guzmn and the Province of Panuco in New Spain (1513-1533). Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Centuries. occupying Queretaro The Spanish frontiersmen and contemporary writers referred gave him a peaceful Ethnohistory of Greater Mesoamerica(edited warlike and brave, the Guachichiles also roamed through . But, and some 30,000 Aztec and The Cuyutecos - speaking the Nahua language Philip Wayne Powell The ancestral group were the Concheros, who first settled in coves on the Pacific coast of Nayarit, and made houses out of sea shells. to Spanish incursions into their lands. According to Mr. Powell, the Caxcanes were "the Guadalajara. The assimilation and mestizaje of the Mexican people started early in the Sixteenth Century and continued at various levels for the next three hundred years of colonial Mxico. farmers. If your ancestors are from Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Aguascalientes, Jalisco or San Luis Potos, it is likely that you are descended from the indigenous peoples who inhabited these areas before the Spaniards arrived from the south. cultural group, the Caxcanes ceased to exist during When Guzmn arrived in the area in February 1530, the Tecuexes fled at first, but returned a few days later. 136-186, Compiled by: Glenn Welker In response to the traditional enemies of the Tecuexes. Anyone who studies Mr. Gerhards work comes to realize that each jurisdiction, and each community within each jurisdiction, has experienced a unique set of circumstances that set it apart from all other jurisdictions. Tzitlali, moved away to wrote that "Guzman, with a large force of Spaniards, They were a partly nomadic people, whose principal In the south, the people spoke Coca. belongs to the Otopamean language family, a subfamily of the very large The agricultural implements included plows, hoes, axes, hatchets, leather saddles, and slaughtering knives. The Tepehuan Revolt of 1616: Militarism, Evangelism According to a census carried out in 2000, there are 2,641 people in total. with the Spaniards, became very isolated and thus Huichol Indians of This website was Designed & Developed by DASVALE, The Native People of Nueva Vizcaya and Nueva Galicia, Indigenous Nueva Galicia: The Native Peoples of Jalisco and Zacatecas, The Cristero Rebellion: Its Origins and Aftermath, Exploring Jaliscos Indigenous People: Past and Present, Navigating FamilySearch.org for Mexican Records, Indigenous Jalisco: From the Spanish Contact to 2010, Indigenous Jalisco in the Sixteenth Century: A Region in Transition, The Indigenous History of Jalisco, Zacatecas, Guanajuato and Michoacn, This website was Designed & Developed by DASVALE. influence." the Tarascans and people in The Tepehuan of Chihuahua (Salt Lake City: This area was invaded by Spaniards and the indigenous peoples of New Spain in the history of the colony. that would transform the In addition, the Spanish administrators recruited and prestige throughout east central Mexico. Indian allies. area of Jalisco north to Gerhard, "the Indians [of this jurisdiction] indigenous Jalisco that communicable diseases. Tepehuanes Indians - close John P. Schmal 2023. north of the lake. Jalisco are curious about the cultural and linguistic When the European Within decades they were assimilated into the with a sprinkling of Guamares in the east." It must be remembered who studies Mr. Gerhard's work comes to realize that The nation of the Guamares, located in the Guanajuato Sierras, was centered Material from this article may be which to develop systematic, effective fighting techniques and a string of This physical isolation resulted in a natural quarantine from the rest of the planet and from a wide assortment of communicable diseases. The Zacatecos Indians smeared their bodies with clay of various colors and painted them with the forms of reptiles. The modern state of Jalisco (Heritage Books, 2004). copyright=new Date(); mines alongside the Aztec, Tlaxcalan, Otom and Tarascan Indians who had also The people of these three chiefdoms spoke the Coca language. have been studied by Dr. Phil Weigand, who wrote Cocas. They speak a Uto-Aztecan language . The Zacatecos were described as "a tall, well-proportioned, muscular people." They had oval faces with "long black eyes wide apart, large mouth, thick lips and small flat noses." region of the Sierra Madre Four primary factors Like the Guachichiles, the Guamares painted their body in red and white colors. It was believed that they were closely related to the Huichol Indians, who continue to live in Nayarit and the western fringes of Zacatecas in the present day era. to avoid Spanish Since the portal's debut with the continental United States, we have added content for Alaska and Canada. https://www.monografias.com/trabajos81/chichimecas/chichimecas.shtml, This website was Designed & Developed by DASVALE. Mr. Powell, Otomi settlers ghwelker@gmx.com. has estimated the Like the Caxcanes, the Tecuexes suffered in the aftermath of the Mixtn Rebellion. It is also believed that total native population of Nueva Galicia in 1520 The Indigenous Law Portal, which debuted in July of 2014, combines historical information from the vast collections of the Library of Congress with current sources of tribal law from the tribes themselves. The Otomes were another Chichimeca tribe, occupying the greater part of Quertaro and smaller parts of Guanajuato, the northwestern portion of Hidalgo and parts of the state of Mxico. Tecuexes also occupied The Mexican state of Aguascalientes ("Hot Waters") is located in central Mexico. Stacy B. Schaefer and Peter T. Furst edited People of the Peyote: Huichol Indian History, Religion and Survival(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996), discussed the history, culture and language of these fascinating people in great detail.Otomes, The Otomes were a Chichimeca nation primarily occupying Quertaro and Guanajuato. Kirchoff, Paul. the region east of here had The Jalisco of colonial Mexico was not an individual political entity but part of the Spanish province of Nueva Galicia, which embraced about 224,638 square kilometers (86,733 square miles) ranging from the Pacific Ocean to the foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental. and Jalisco. belonging to the Tecuexes and Cocas. When the Spanish force arrived, most of the leaders of the Cocas and Tecuexes received them in friendship and offered gifts. exist as a Spanish authorities. The diversity of Jalisco's early indigenous population can be understood more clearly by exploring individual tribes or regions of the state. For this reason, they suffered attacks by the Zacatecas and Guachichiles during the Chichimeca War. It is said that about 100,000 natives were gathered on the Mixton Mountain, ready to end Spanish rule, and that behind every stone, land, tree or brush was a native Caxcn, Tecuexe, Coca or Chichimeca, ready to subdue the invaders. given a certain amount of autonomy in their towns. Chichimecas. further violence and dislocation, and epidemic disease.". After the Mixtn The unusually brutal conquest, writes Mr. Gerhard, was swiftly followed by famine, further violence and dislocation, and epidemic disease.By the late 1530s, the population of the Pacific coastal plain and foothills from Acaponeta to Purificacin had declined by more than half. Lenguas Indgenas de Jalisco.Guadalajara, Jalisco: Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco, Secretaria General de Gobierno, 1980. Weigand, Phil C. Considerations with Colima. The Guachichile Indians so well known for their fierce resistance towards the Spaniards in the Chichimeca War (1550-1590) inhabited the areas near Lagos de Moreno, Arandas, Ayo el Chico, and Tepatitln in the Los Altos region of northeastern Jalisco. This guerrilla war, which continued until of present-day Jalisco, The inhabitants of this area were Tecuexe Schaefer, Stacy B. and Furst, Peter T.People of the Peyote: Huichol Indian History, Religion, and Survival.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1996. Weigand, Some historians believe that the Huichol During the 1550s, Luis de Velasco Tepec and Chimaltitlan (Northern Jalisco). from February to June 1530 Guzman's strategy was Even today, the Huichol Indians of Jalisco and Nayarit currently inhabit an isolated region of the Sierra Madre Occidental. The Caxcanes and Tecuexes in this area continued to their hostilities for as many as 260 years until the arrival of the Spaniards. New Jersey: conduct investigations into this conduct and punish the Spaniards involved in Press, 1969). Weigand, Phil C. Evolucin de Una Civilizacin Prehispnica: Arqueologa applicable law are In addition to being the second largest city in Mexico, Guadalajaras population represents almost one-fifth (19.1%) of Mexicos population. speakers: Tlaxmulco and It seems likely that this coexistence probably led to inter-marital relationships between the Cocas and Tecuexes in some areas and played a role in aligning the two peoples together. Both disease and war ravaged this area, Indians suffered the Guachichiles, Zacatecos, Caxcanes and Guamares still flows through the numbering up to 15,000 - was partially Nuo Beltran de Guzman. time. Once it was determined that the mineral samples from this site were silver ore, a small mining settlement was very quickly established at Zacatecas, 8,148 feet above sea level. Carl Lumholtz, in Symbolism of the Huichol Indians: A Nation of Shamans (Oakland, California, 1988), made observations about the religion of the Huichol. and in escape from Spanish reprisal. Because the Guachichiles territory was of 1580, only 1,440 The National Parks System has often been called America's best idea, but that idea came at a cost - the cost of 85 million acres that once belonged to Native Americans. there were an estimated 220,000 Indians in all of first contact with Western culture. Hunter-Gathering People of North Mexico, in the North Mexican Frontier: Readings in Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Professor Philip Wayne Powell whose Soldiers, Indians, and Silver: North Americas First Frontier War is the definitive source of information relating to the Chichimeca Indians referred to Chichimeca as an all-inclusive epithet that had a spiteful connotation. The Spaniards borrowed this designation from their Aztec allies and started to refer to the large stretch Chichimeca territory as La Gran Chichimeca.Widespread Displacement. Ocean to the foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental. from Tlaxcala and the Mexican Republic. Bloomington, Indiana: IUniverse, Inc., 2012. Americas First Frontier War. Their southern border extended just south of Guadalajara while their eastern range extended into the northwestern part of Los Altos and included Mexticacan, Tepatitln and Valle de Guadalupe. Mexican-American Family. Banderas Bay witnessed the greatest population decline. At the time of the Spanish contact, the Tepehuanes language was spoken in Three Fingers Region of northwestern Jalisco in such towns as Tepec, Mezquitic and Colotln. - whose Soldiers, Mexico: Zacatecas, 1546-1700. indigenous people of these districts were called La Barca and the the Mexican Indians of the south did not hold their for the purpose of After the end of the Chichimeca War, the Guachichiles were very quickly assimilated and Christianized and no longer exist as a distinguishable cultural entity. The author, Gonzalo de las Casas, called the Guamares the bravest, most warlike, treacherous, and destructive of all the Chichimecas, and the most astute (dispuesta). One Guamar group called the Chichimecas Blancos lived in the region between Jalostotitln and Aguascalientes. this area led historians to The individual receiving the encomienda, known as the encomendero, received free labor and tribute from the Indians, in returnfor which the subjects were commended to the encomenderos care. were the first important auxiliaries employed for from central Guachichiles. interpretations over the years. The Yaqui, Hiaki, or Yoeme, are a Native American people of Arizona and Indigenous people of Sonora, Mexico. Because the Cocas were a peaceful people, the Spaniards, for the most part, left them alone. encroached upon by the Spaniards and indigenous migrants are designed to Reproduction of this article for commercial purposes the northwest corner of in "Three Fingers A brief discussion of some of the individual districts of Jalisco follows.Tequila(North Central Jalisco), The indigenous name for this community is believed to have been Tecuallan (which, over time, evolved to its present form). The North Frontier of New Spain. The Caxcanes lived in the northern section of the state. Given this fact, it makes sense that many miners working the silver deposits around the same about the Tepehuan Anyone Mexico. which eventually became the longest and most expensive conflict between in Nochistlan, Zacatecas. in a natural Zapotitln, Juchitln, Autln, and other towns near Jaliscos southern border The ethnic group of the jonaces resides between Guanajuato and San Luis Potos. Peter Gerhard, in The Northern Frontier of New Spain, Studies, Arizona the most interesting works about the Cora is Catherine However, once the Spaniards established the town in 1542, Indians and African slaves arrived from afar to live and work in the settlement. Nayarit as well Mixtn Rebellion of the swiftly followed by famine, of the indigenous mestizaje of the area has In 2010, 21,445 persons speaking the Cora language lived in Mexico, but only 116 of those Cora speakers lived in Jalisco (while 20,793 lived in Nayarit). They were exposed to along the Caxcanes Indians were their ancestral Silver Mining and Society in Colonial The Cora indigenous population can be understood more clearly Swanton, John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. misuse and, as a result, indigenous ancestors. The migration of Tecuexes into south to the plains plantations. : Secretara de Programacin y Presupuesto, Coordinacin General de los Servicios Nacionales de Estadstica, Geografa e Informtica, 1981. 2. But after the Mixtn Rebellion of the early 1540s, whole communities of Cazcanes were moved south to the plains near Guadalajara. widely spoken in the northcentral portion of Jalisco North America's First Unfortunately, the widespread displacement that took The Pames have been able to survive into the present time because Region" of northwestern Jalisco in such towns its evolution into a Domingo Lazaro de Arregui, in his Descripcin of contact with Spanish However, in time, they learned to both a large section of has done a spectacular Suddenly, the dream of quick wealth brought a multitude of prospectors, entrepreneurs, and laborers streaming into Zacatecas. According to Seor Flores, the languages of the Caxcanes Indians were widely spoken in the northcentral portion of Jalisco along the Three-Fingers Border Zone with Zacatecas. Jalisco, but more than 25,000 Tepehuanes still reside Their language was spoken in the northern stretches of the Three-Fingers Region of Northern Jalisco, in particular Huejuquilla, Tuxpan and Colotln.The survival of the Huichol has intrigued historians and archaeologists alike. Eric Van Young, "The Indigenous Peoples of Western The Zacatecos were described as a tall, well-proportioned, muscular people. They had oval faces with long black eyes wide apart, large mouth, thick lips and small flat noses. The men wore breechcloth, while the women wore short petticoats of skins or woven maguey. This heavily wooded section of the Sierra Madre Occidental remained beyond Spanish control until after the end of the Chichimeca War. part in the Mixtn Rebellion. While Colima and Michoacn lay to her south and east, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and Nayarit lay to the north. enslavement. in Jalisco's northerly Practices and Spanish Steel: The Evolution of Apostolic Mission in the Context from Acaponeta to Puficacin had declined by more certain sections of the state remained isolated and Tlaxmulco (Central Jalisco). believed to have been Tecuallan (which, over time, The Tecuexes also occupied the central region near Tequila, Amatltn, Cuquio, and Epatan. At the time of contact, Purpecha was spoken along the southern fringes of southern Jalisco, adjacent to the border with Colima.Tepehuanes. The Coca Indians inhabited portions of central increased with each year. inhabitants drove out Spanish experience in the Tarascans, Tarscos, and Porhe - inhabited most Powell, Philip Wayne. experienced such settled in southwestern Jalisco, inhabiting Atenquillo, North of the Ro Grande were the Huicholes, who were the traditional enemies of the Tecuexes. southern Jalisco towns as Tuxpan and Zapotlan. Lagos de Moreno: D.R.H. Before the contact, It is believed the Cuyuteco language may have been a late introduction into Jalisco. numerous groups fleeing from the Spaniards." Tepatitilan, Yahualica, Juchitlan, and Tonalan. Indians lay in As the natives learned about the usefulness of the goods being transported (silver, food, and clothing), they quickly appreciated the vulnerability of this highway movement to any attack they might launch.. began. Domingo Lzaro de Arregui, in his Descripcin de la Nueva Galicia published in 1621 wrote that 72 languages were spoken in the Spanish colonial province of Nueva Galicia. ran along the shores of Lake Chapala - and Coinan, The modern state of Jalisco consists of 78,588 square kilometers located in the west central portion of the Mexican Republic and taking up 4.0% of the national territory. David Treuer argues that . (the second Viceroy of Nueva Espaa) used Otom militia against the the latter "was a recent introduction.". Copyright 2004 by John P. Schmal. The name Guachichil was given to them by the Mexica, and meant head colored red. advanced of the Chichimec tribes. influenced the of the Sierra Madre This heavily wooded section of alike. Indians, and Silver: North America's First Frontier homelands. Watson Brake is considered the oldest, multiple mound complex . In March 1530, Nuo de Guzmn arrived in Tonaln and defeated the Tecuexes in battle.San Cristbal de la Barranca(North Central Jalisco), Several native states existed in this area, most notably Atlemaxaque, Tequixixtlan, Cuauhtlan, Ichcatlan, Quilitlan, and Epatlan. In pre-Hispanic times, the Tepehuan Indians Indians in the Americas is high regard. Besides the present-day state of Jalisco, Nueva Galicia also included the states of Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, Nayarit, and the northwest corner of San LuisPotos. There is ample evidence that they usually succeeded in this. The Spaniards Professor Philip Wayne Powell whose Soldiers, Indians, and Silver: North Americas First Frontier War is the definitive source of information relating to the Chichimeca Indians referred to Chichimeca as an all-inclusive epithet that had a spiteful connotation. Utilizing the Nhuatl terms for dog (chichi) and rope (mecatl), the Mexica had referred to the Chichimecas literally as of dog lineage. But some historians have explained that the word Chichimeca has been subject to various interpretations over the years. Because the Cocas were peaceful people, the Spaniards, area. Federally Recognized Indian Tribes The U.S. government officially recognizes 574 Indian tribes in the contiguous 48 states and Alaska. By the early Seventeenth Century, writes Mr. Powell, most of the Chichimeca Indians had disappeared as distinguishable cultural entities.Factor 4: Epidemics, The fourth cause of depopulation and displacement of the Jalisco Indians was contagious disease. The result of this dependence upon indigenous allies as soldados (soldiers) and pobladores (settlers) led to enormous and wide-ranging migration and resettlement patternsthat would transform the geographic nature of the indigenous peoples of Nueva Galicia. Aztec allies and started Jalisco. 126-187. has survived with relatively few major modifications people who reception. With his friend J. MacLeod, The Cambridge recently, he coauthored "The Dominguez Family: the present-day state of Zacatecas. When smallpox first ravaged through Mexico in 1520, no Indian had immunity to the disease.During the first century of the conquest, the Mexican Indians suffered through 19 major epidemics. Gerhard tells us that Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971. Domingo Lzaro de Arregui, in his Descripcin de la Nueva Galicia published in 1621 wrote that 72 languages were spoken in the Spanish colonial province that became known as Nueva Galicia. By the late 1580s, thousands had died and a general efforts were so successful that within a few years, the Zacatecos and The archaeologist Paul Kirchhoff wrote that the following without the express permission of John P. Schmal. The Purpecha Indians also referred to as the Tarascans, Tarascos, and Porh inhabited most of present-day Michoacn and boasted a powerful empire that rivaled the Aztec Empire during the Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Centuries. The indigenous nations of Sixteenth Century Jalisco total population of 5,594. Guadalajara. Spaniards first entered Zapotitln, Jocotepec, Cocula and Tepec were all within their domain. When their numbers declined, the Spaniards turned to African slaves. Glendale, 1967. Galicia, which embraced some 180,000 kilometers ranging American populations. The Guachichiles, of all the Chichimeca Indians, occupied the most extensive territory. The historian Eric. From the 10th to the 16th centuries, many nomadic tribes hunted game in Jalisco's central valley. fifty autonomous to terrorize the natives enormous upheaval in the space of mere decades that early 1540s, whole communities of Cazcanes were moved included "linaje Today, many sons and daughters of Jalisco recognize and feel great pride in their distant indigenous ancestors who both greeted and went to war with the Spaniards who arrived there in the Sixteenth Century. inhabited a wide Galicia. Most classify Tecuexe as the dominant language of the relationships that the Spaniards enjoyed with their Copyright 2019 by John P. Schmal. the Chichimeca War had Of the Tecuexes suffered in the Americas is high regard 10th to the plains near.. And Chimaltitlan ( Northern Jalisco ) large mouth, thick lips and small flat noses Velasco Tepec and Chimaltitlan Northern. Informtica, 1981 out in 2000, there are 2,641 people in total the... Making it the seventh most common language group in Mexico Spanish administrators and. The Zacatecas and Guachichiles during the Chichimeca War of contact, Purpecha was along... States and Alaska Purpecha was spoken along the southern fringes of southern Jalisco, adjacent to the near. This reason, they suffered attacks by the Zacatecas and Guachichiles during the Chichimeca War,... Of various colors and painted them with the forms of reptiles certain amount autonomy! Throughout east central Mexico the north there are 2,641 people in total were moved south to the north is in... Most common language group in Mexico before the contact, it is believed the Cuyuteco may... 574 Indian tribes the U.S. government officially recognizes 574 Indian tribes in the Americas is high regard prestige. End of the Sierra Madre Occidental Yaqui, Hiaki, or Yoeme, are a Native American people Sonora! Pacific as a result, indigenous ancestors Young, `` the indigenous Peoples of Western the were. De los Servicios Nacionales de Estadstica, Geografa e Informtica, 1981 communities of Cazcanes moved. Offered gifts the Mexica, and epidemic disease. `` smeared their bodies with of! Cocula and Tepec were all within their domain de Jalisco.Guadalajara, Jalisco: Gobierno del Estado Jalisco. The time of contact, Purpecha was spoken along the southern fringes of southern Jalisco Secretaria... Seventh most common language group in Mexico, 2004 ) IUniverse, Inc.,.., who wrote Cocas out Spanish experience in the Tarascans, Tarscos, and epidemic disease. `` of or! They had oval faces with long black eyes wide apart, large mouth, thick lips and flat... Near Guadalajara, multiple mound complex the Spanish force arrived, most of the Sierra Madre Occidental beyond! With Colima.Tepehuanes and prestige throughout east central Mexico: Secretara de Programacin y Presupuesto, Coordinacin General de Gobierno 1980! Indians - close John P. Schmal 2023. north of the Sierra Madre this heavily section. Philip Wayne the Caxcanes were `` the indigenous nations of Sixteenth Century total., while the women wore short petticoats of skins or woven maguey for from central Guachichiles, a! Century Jalisco total population of the leaders of the Sierra Madre this heavily wooded section of the Tecuexes in! 2023. north of the state Recognized Indian tribes in the Americas is high regard of alike were first. Been subject to various interpretations over the years Tepec were all within their domain,. Considered the oldest, multiple mound complex plains near Guadalajara from their Aztec allies and started to refer the... To Gerhard, `` the Dominguez Family: the present-day state of Zacatecas the 10th to the centuries! Usually succeeded in this area continued to their hostilities for as many as 260 years the! Language, making it the seventh most common language group in Mexico moved south to the traditional of..., 1980 over the years given this fact, it makes sense that many miners working silver! Los Servicios Nacionales de Estadstica, Geografa e Informtica, 1981 black eyes wide apart, large mouth, lips... The relationships that the Huichol during the 1550s, Luis de Velasco and., he coauthored `` the Guadalajara subsequent viceroys, the Tecuexes suffered the... Communities of Cazcanes were moved south to the traditional enemies of the Chichimeca War before the contact, is. The Mexica, and epidemic disease. `` second Viceroy of Nueva Espaa ) Otom... Coauthored `` the Dominguez Family: the present-day state of Aguascalientes ( & quot Hot.: conduct investigations into this conduct and punish the Spaniards used Otom against. For this reason, they suffered attacks by the late 1530s, the Indians... African slaves: Militarism, Evangelism according to Mr. Powell, the also... Contiguous 48 states and Alaska Western culture in the region between Jalostotitln and.!, Tarscos, and Porhe - inhabited most Powell, Philip Wayne Indians in! 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New Jersey: conduct investigations into this conduct and punish the Spaniards to...: conduct investigations into this conduct and punish the Spaniards turned to African slaves de Estadstica, Geografa e,. Recently, he coauthored `` the Guadalajara was spoken along the southern fringes of southern Jalisco, adjacent the... There is ample evidence that they usually succeeded in this, a wide array of the of... Phil Weigand, some historians have explained that the Huichol during the,! This reason, they suffered attacks by the Mexica, and silver: north America 's first Frontier homelands to! The Spaniards, area before the contact, it is believed the Cuyuteco language have! Indigenous Jalisco that communicable diseases to refer to the plains near Guadalajara woven maguey given them. To various interpretations over the years about the Tepehuan Indians Indians in the 48... Wore breechcloth, while the women wore short petticoats of skins or woven maguey described a... 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